INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(425, 'Linking Food Security with Household’s Adaptive Capacity and Drought Risk: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development', 'Anu Susan Sam, Azhar Abbas, Subash Surendran Padmaja, Harald Kaechele Ranjit Kumar, and Klaus Müller', '2018', 'Journals', '', '18859', '20 May 2021', 'In spite of green revolution and rapid economic growth, India’s vast population\r\nstill suffers from hunger and poverty, especially in the rural areas. Moreover, drought\r\nadversely affects India’s economy by declining agricultural production and purchasing\r\npower. It also escalates rural unemployment which ultimately affects household food\r\nsecurity. Our study investigated the food security of drought prone rural households in a\r\nbroader context by linking the dimensions of food security with dimensions of climate\r\nchange vulnerability. We used the primary data of 157 drought prone rural households\r\nof Odisha state in India for analysis. This study employed polychoric principal component\r\nanalysis to construct an aggregate food security index. An ordered probit model was\r\nused to estimate the determinants of food security. The FSI showed that three-fourth of\r\nthe respondents were facing food security issues with varying degrees. The estimates of\r\nordered probit model indicated that joint family, education, migration and health insurance\r\nare key variables that determine food security, whereas drought adversely affected food\r\nsecurity of rural households. Overarching strategies are required to effectively address food security issues in the wake of increased drought risk. This study provides an insight for\r\npolicy makers in India and in similar south Asian countries who must consider food security\r\nin the light of drought.\r\nKeywords Availability · Access · Exposure · Sensitivity · Stability · Utility ·\r\nVulnerability', 'Anu Susan Sam, Azhar Abbas, Subash Surendran Padmaja, Harald Kaechele Ranjit Kumar, and Klaus Müller (2018), Linking Food Security with Household’s Adaptive Capacity and Drought Risk: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development.', 'Anu Susan Sam, Azhar Abbas, Subash Surendran Padmaja, Harald Kaechele Ranjit Kumar, and Klaus Müller, Linking Food Security with Household’s Adaptive Capacity and Drought Risk: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development(2018).', 'Anu Susan Sam, Azhar Abbas, Subash Surendran Padmaja, Harald Kaechele Ranjit Kumar, and Klaus Müller (2018), Linking Food Security with Household’s Adaptive Capacity and Drought Risk: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(426, 'Do Fertiliser Subsidies Work for the poor?:Evidence and Challenges of Implementing the Fertiliser Support Programme in Zambia- The Case of Kalomo and Senanga Districts.', 'LUMBA SIYANGA', '2009', 'Dissertations', '', '65063', '20 May 2021', 'This study examines the nature of the fertiliser subsidy being provided under the Fertiliser Support Programme (FSP) in Zambia. The study focuses on Kalomo and Senanga Districts to assess why despite the programme in place for seven years, food insecurity persists and how the nature of the subsidy has contributed. The study was carried out through primary data collection and the used of secondary data and contrasts the finding in Kalomo and Senanga. The data was obtained by administering five sets of research instruments: the Focus Group Discussions, questionnaire, the semi-structured interview, observation and document analysis. In total 170(93 males and 77females) respondents participated in the research. The findings suggest that the nature of the subsidy and the way the programme is organised and implemented has not really benefited the smallholder farmers in terms of increased maize productivity, income from the sales of maize and household food security. While the prices of maize have usually been low in Zambia, the prices of fertiliser have been high. This reduces the profitability of maize production. To most smallholders, maize production is main source of income, yet the fertiliser subsidy in its current form assumes that the smallholders will have the cash to pay for fertiliser subsidy, when income from maize is not always possible. The FSP is also implemented as a uniform policy in a varied setting as depicted in the contrasting differences between Kalomo district and Senanga district. This study concludes that nature of the fertiliser subsidy policy, how it is designed, defined and implemented has implications for impact in terms of increasing maize production, among smallholder farmers.\r\nRelevance to Development Studies\r\nThis study contributes to the sparse literature on the changing role of fertiliser subsidies in the developing countries. The study provides valuable information and knowledge on the short comings of the nature of the fertiliser subsidy being implementation under the FSP in Zambia. This study shows how the targeting criteria and implementation of a fertiliser subsidy programme affects the overall performance. This study provides policy-relevant information on a topical but largely ignored issue in current development debates.\r\nKeywords\r\nFertiliser Subsidies, Food Security, Smallholder Farmers Targeting,', 'LUMBA SIYANGA (2009), Do Fertiliser Subsidies Work for the poor?:Evidence and Challenges of Implementing the Fertiliser Support Programme in Zambia- The Case of Kalomo and Senanga Districts..', 'LUMBA SIYANGA, Do Fertiliser Subsidies Work for the poor?:Evidence and Challenges of Implementing the Fertiliser Support Programme in Zambia- The Case of Kalomo and Senanga Districts.(2009).', 'LUMBA SIYANGA (2009), Do Fertiliser Subsidies Work for the poor?:Evidence and Challenges of Implementing the Fertiliser Support Programme in Zambia- The Case of Kalomo and Senanga Districts..', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(427, 'An assessment of the effect of subsidized fertilizer on farmer participation in commercial fertilizer markets in north rift region of Kenya', 'Joyce Mumbua Makau', '2016', 'Dissertations', '', '56964', '20 May 2021', '', 'Joyce Mumbua Makau (2016), An assessment of the effect of subsidized fertilizer on farmer participation in commercial fertilizer markets in north rift region of Kenya.', 'Joyce Mumbua Makau, An assessment of the effect of subsidized fertilizer on farmer participation in commercial fertilizer markets in north rift region of Kenya(2016).', 'Joyce Mumbua Makau (2016), An assessment of the effect of subsidized fertilizer on farmer participation in commercial fertilizer markets in north rift region of Kenya.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(428, 'Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? A study of Malawi’s use of cash transfer as a response tool to food insecurity in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014', 'Stern Kita', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '10485', '20 May 2021', 'The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami is considered as the first humanitarian\r\nsituation where cash transfers were used as an alternative to food aid. Since then,\r\ncash transfers have been used as a standalone response tool to disasters, or used in\r\ncombination with food aid. Malawi piloted the use of cash transfer as a response tool\r\nto food insecurity between 2005 and 2008. The first national response that used\r\ncash to respond to food insecurity at a large scale was carried out in 2012/2013, and\r\nthen in 2013/2014. The purpose of this study was to assess how effective the use of\r\ncash transfers was as a response tool to the humanitarian situation in Malawi. The\r\nstudy was carried out through household interviews, focus group discussions, key\r\ninformant interviews as well as review of previous evaluations and studies on cash\r\ntransfers in Malawi and other countries.\r\nMalawi has used cash transfers as a response tool on a large scale for 2\r\nconsecutive years. Ideally, the expectation would be that lessons learnt during the\r\nfirst year and those gathered from previous pilot programmes would assist in\r\nimproving future programmes. However, most of the challenges noted in 2012/2013\r\nresponse, some of which were highlighted in external programme evaluations, were\r\nrepeated in the 2013/2014 programme. This challenge cannot be attributed to the\r\ncash transfer response programme alone. Even in provision of food aid, similar\r\nchallenges have been observed and continue to appear in almost every other\r\nresponse. In some cases, vulnerable households, who are supposed to be benefiting\r\nfrom the response programmes, have been the victims.\r\nFindings of this study do not show that cash should substitute food as a\r\nresponse tool; neither does it find that cash is always the best option. Just like food\r\naid, cash transfers too have their own shortfalls. Although cash transfers, on a larger\r\nscale, offer more benefits than food aid, it should not be considered as a panacea,\r\nand its implementation should be considered carefully and be promoted if backed by\r\nreliable market assessments and other considerations, and should also include closer\r\nmonitoring of market behaviours during programme implementation.\r\nCoordination systems, with appropriate checks and balances and strong\r\ngovernment’s monitoring, ought to be improved. For effective use of cash transfers,\r\nappropriate systems need to be in place that would support such a response.\r\nChallenges being experienced should be used to improve programme design and\r\nimplementation. The trend at the global level clearly shows that cash transfers are\r\nhere to stay as a response tool to disasters. Efforts should be made to capitalize on\r\nthis and develop clear guidelines for the implementation of cash transfers in\r\nhumanitarian situations in the country.\r\nThe study, however, does find that when planned and implemented properly,\r\ncash would, overall, be a better devil than food aid.', 'Stern Kita (2014), Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? A study of Malawi’s use of cash transfer as a response tool to food insecurity in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014.', 'Stern Kita, Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? A study of Malawi’s use of cash transfer as a response tool to food insecurity in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014(2014).', 'Stern Kita (2014), Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? A study of Malawi’s use of cash transfer as a response tool to food insecurity in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(429, 'Gender, IFIs and Food Insecurity Case Study: Malawi', 'Claire Lauterbach & Isabel Matenje', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '52181', '20 May 2021', 'The agriculture sector is the backbone of Malawi’s economy. Agriculture gener-ates over a third of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 90 percent of its export revenues (CIA 2012). While tobacco, sugar, coffee and tea are Malawi’s primary cash crops, corn is the primary staple of domestic consump-tion. Over 86 percent of Malawi’s population lives in rural areas and depends on subsistence agriculture to meet its food needs.', 'Claire Lauterbach & Isabel Matenje (2013), Gender, IFIs and Food Insecurity Case Study: Malawi.', 'Claire Lauterbach & Isabel Matenje, Gender, IFIs and Food Insecurity Case Study: Malawi(2013).', 'Claire Lauterbach & Isabel Matenje (2013), Gender, IFIs and Food Insecurity Case Study: Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(430, 'Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi ', 'Rudolf Nkhata', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '99700', '20 May 2021', 'The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of irrigation on household food security and poverty using a case study of Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi. Data used in the analysis were collected from 412 households – 169 participants in the irrigation scheme and 243 non-participants. Due to the non-random selection of participants into the irrigation scheme, the study used endogenous switching regression to correct for sample selection bias. Propensity score matching was then used to measure the impact of irrigation on food security and poverty. Daily per capita caloric intake and agricultural income were the proxy measures used to measure food security and poverty, respectively. Despite farm-ers selling paddy rice at the farm gate on an individual basis and operating in an environment with inadequate water sup-ply, the findings revealed that irrigation had a positive impact on annual agricultural income and daily per capita caloric intake. The impact of irrigation on household annual agricultural income was different among the participants, with those cultivating both rice and maize under irrigation earning more agricultural income than their counterparts growing rice only. The results also showed a positive impact of irrigation on daily per capita caloric intake, with both groups of irrigat-ing farmers realizing similar improved levels of caloric intake over farmers that did not participate in the irrigation scheme. In addition, traditionally marginalized groups – households headed by youth, female-headed households, and low-in-come households – earned more agricultural income than what they would have earned if they did not participate in the irrigation scheme. The recommendations from the study are that irrigation interventions should be up scaled to other ar-eas with potential irrigable land and should promote the growing of more than one crop. In addition, irrigation schemes should promote bulk marketing of processed rice through contract relationships with institutions (i.e. schools, prisons, hospitals) and private traders.', 'Rudolf Nkhata (2014), Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi .', 'Rudolf Nkhata, Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi (2014).', 'Rudolf Nkhata (2014), Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(431, 'Strategic Options for Agriculture and Development in Malawi', 'Andrew Dorward and Ephraim Chirwa', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '94655', '20 May 2021', 'This paper considers potential strategic options for agriculture and development in Malawi in the context of the country’s current situation and the prospects the country faces. After briefly reviewing current national and sectoral policy and potential roles of smallholder agriculture in economic growth, we set out the current situation in order to consider strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.\r\nWe conclude that a major emphasis is needed on supporting changes that reduce the rate of population growth and promote capacity for adaptation and resilience to climate change. Rapid increases in the productivity of agricultural land and labor and in rural incomes will be critical to this, alongside increased education and empowerment of girls and women. There are, however, difficult potential trade-offs to negotiate (for example, between increased irrigation and reduced inflows into Lake Malawi) and these need further consideration.\r\nFrom this analysis we derive a set of nine strategic principles and two operational principles, for eleven in total, that we suggest could helpfully stimulate and guide strategy development to address the opportunities and threats facing Malawian agriculture, as follows:\r\nStrategic principles:\r\n1. Sustainable investments and activities that are viable for and acceptable to all stakeholders.\r\n2. Emphasis on land and wider labor productivity\r\n3. Integration of complementary agricultural and non-agricultural strategies, policies, and investments.\r\n4. Emphasis on broad-based and inclusive growth.\r\n5. Emphasis on increased quality and diversity in food production.\r\n6. Emphasis on market access and affordability of food for all, particularly for the rural and urban poor.\r\n7. Promotion of sustainable practices with accumulation, rather than depletion, of natural resources, taking account of both current and future threats to sustainability.\r\n8. Rapid achievement of broad-based growth as a significant element in reducing the rate of population growth and in supporting climate change adaptation and resilience.\r\n9. Pursuit of agro-processing opportunities to promote value addition with local downstream linkages.\r\nOperational principles:\r\n10. Consistent coordinated vision.\r\n11. Clear priorities and roles.\r\nThe application of these principles is illustrated by indicative consideration of policy and investment options focus-ing on the development of different commodities and broadly-defined resources. Consistent implementation of coordinat-ed and consistent sectoral and inter-sectoral policies to support smallholder agriculture development is critical for achievement of the desired growth and diversification impacts. A number of concrete and immediate policy and invest-ment recommendations are made.', 'Andrew Dorward and Ephraim Chirwa (2015), Strategic Options for Agriculture and Development in Malawi.', 'Andrew Dorward and Ephraim Chirwa, Strategic Options for Agriculture and Development in Malawi(2015).', 'Andrew Dorward and Ephraim Chirwa (2015), Strategic Options for Agriculture and Development in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(432, 'A REVIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE', 'Kizito Mazvimavi, Isaac Minde, Sofia Manussa, Patience Tshuma and Conrad Murendo', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '75240', '20 May 2021', 'Agriculture drives the Mozambican economy. The sector is largely dominated by smallholder farmers and is a major source of livelihood in the country (World Bank, 2006). Available statistics indicate that agriculture contributes 25 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs 80 percent of the total labor force (African Development Bank, 2008). Development in the agricultural sector in Mozambique has evolved since colonial times to date due to different reasons. The main objective of the Portuguese colonialists was to increase the supply of raw materials to their country and hence targeted the needed investments in Mozambique. The sector was dependent on Portugal for skilled labor supply and suffered brain drain when these Portuguese returned home after independence in 1975 (Howard et al, 1998). Soon after independence, the abandoned Portuguese properties were taken over by the government which formed large centralized state farms. The greater part of government investment in agriculture between 1978 and 1982 was channeled towards input purchases for these farms (Population Project, 2001). During the same period, marketing and trade of crops was done by parastatal monopolies but private traders were still allowed to operate in certain areas provided they had been granted monopoly rights. Market margins were however regulated by the government through the Ministry of Internal Commerce (Kyle, 1999). The civil war which started in 1977 and ended with a peace accord signed in 1992, had a notable impact on the agricultural sector (Skelton et al, 2003). The war resulted in widespread destruction of infrastructure which affected both the factor and product markets. During this period, economic growth and food production dropped significantly. Between 1981 and 1986 for example, Howard et al (1998) reported that GDP and food production fell by 30 percent, marketed production of maize and rice declined by half and exports declined by 75 percent. The country became almost entirely dependent on food aid because food production levels were not sufficient to satisfy demand. The end of the war overlapped with the beginning of the drought hence there was no time for any recovery measures to be implemented in the agricultural sector. During the war and drought period, food aid constituted a considerable portion of total cereal available in the country. Between 1992 and 1993 yellow maize food aid accounted for 60 percent of cereals but the figure dropped to 15 percent between 1994 and 1995 as a result of increased domestic production of white maize (Donovan, 1996).', 'Kizito Mazvimavi, Isaac Minde, Sofia Manussa, Patience Tshuma and Conrad Murendo (2011), A REVIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE.', 'Kizito Mazvimavi, Isaac Minde, Sofia Manussa, Patience Tshuma and Conrad Murendo, A REVIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE(2011).', 'Kizito Mazvimavi, Isaac Minde, Sofia Manussa, Patience Tshuma and Conrad Murendo (2011), A REVIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(433, 'MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY, WATER AND ENERGY TRADE-OFFS IN MALAWI', 'Emily McNulty', '2017', 'Dissertations', '', '32276', '20 May 2021', 'The increasing pressure from the world’s population on limited natural resources has reached an urgent level. The global demand for water, food, and energy is unsustainable, and poses a threat to human health, political stability, and environmental well-being. The poor in developing countries are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the exploitation of constrained resources, and the segregation of development programs by sector means that policy interventions do little to help. Currently, development policies are created in isolation from one another, within their own sectoral realms, and inter-sector coordination is rare. Policy interventions that affect more than one sector are key to holistic, sustainable development, but because they face an ownership issue, not falling under any one sector’s jurisdiction, they often go unaddressed. The alternative to the status quo is the use of a nexus perspective, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of sectors and seeks to implement policy interventions with the best net outcomes. Policy makers are encouraged to adopt “systems thinking”, to resist over-focused investments and interventions, and to seek regulatory cooperation.\r\nThe body of nexus literature is growing mainly with the establishment of theoretical frameworks and macroeconomic studies that model outcomes of nexus interventions. This thesis contributes to the pool of nexus literature with microeconomic studies that are evaluated from the perspective of the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus. Microeconomic analysis is valuable to the nexus perspective not only because it informs macroeconomic models, but also because it provides empirical evidence of nexus forces at work.', 'Emily McNulty (2017), MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY, WATER AND ENERGY TRADE-OFFS IN MALAWI.', 'Emily McNulty, MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY, WATER AND ENERGY TRADE-OFFS IN MALAWI(2017).', 'Emily McNulty (2017), MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY, WATER AND ENERGY TRADE-OFFS IN MALAWI.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(434, 'Measuring the Impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program', 'Christopher Chibwana, Monica Fisher, Charles Jumbe, William Masters and Gerald Shively', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '47208', '20 May 2021', 'We measure the impacts of Malawi’s 2009 Farm Input Subsidy Program\r\n(FISP) on fertilizer use and maize yields in central and southern Malawi. Using\r\nthree rounds of panel data and instrumental variables regression strategies to\r\ncontrol for endogenous selection into the subsidy program we find positive and\r\nstatistically significant correlations between participation in the FISP and\r\nfertilizer use intensity. Fertilizer use is found to be higher among households that\r\nplant improved maize varieties than among those that plant traditional varieties.\r\nResults are broadly robust to the inclusion of previous fertilizer intensity to\r\ncontrol for household-specific differences in fertilizer use. We combine these\r\nresults with those from a maize production function to calculate programgenerated\r\nchanges in average maize availability, accounting for estimated\r\nsubsidy-induced changes in crop area. Our findings have implications for the way\r\ninput subsidy programs are designed and implemented.\r\nKey words: Farm input subsidy program, maize yields, fertilizer use, Malawi', 'Christopher Chibwana, Monica Fisher, Charles Jumbe, William Masters and Gerald Shively (2010), Measuring the Impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program.', 'Christopher Chibwana, Monica Fisher, Charles Jumbe, William Masters and Gerald Shively, Measuring the Impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program(2010).', 'Christopher Chibwana, Monica Fisher, Charles Jumbe, William Masters and Gerald Shively (2010), Measuring the Impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(435, 'Meteorological and hydrological drought assessment in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins (1970–2013)', 'Lucy Mtilatila, Axel Bronstert, Gerd Bürger and Klaus Vormoor', '2020', 'Journals', '', '34168', '20 May 2021', 'The study assesses the variability and trends of both meteorological and hydrological droughts from\r\n1970 to 2013 in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and\r\nstandardized precipitation and evaporation index (SPEI) for meteorological droughts and the lake level\r\nchange index (LLCI) for hydrological droughts. Trends and slopes in droughts and drought drivers are\r\nestimated using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope, respectively. Results suggest that meteorological\r\ndroughts are increasing due to a decrease in precipitation which is exacerbated by an increase in\r\ntemperature (potential evapotranspiration). The hydrological system of Lake Malawi seems to have a\r\n>24-month memory towards meteorological conditions, since the 36-month SPEI can predict hydrological\r\ndroughts 10 months in advance. The study has found the critical lake level that would trigger\r\nhydrological drought to be 474.1 m a.s.l. The increase in drought is a concern as this will have serious\r\nimpacts on water resources and hydropower supply in Malawi.', 'Lucy Mtilatila, Axel Bronstert, Gerd Bürger and Klaus Vormoor (2020), Meteorological and hydrological drought assessment in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins (1970–2013).', 'Lucy Mtilatila, Axel Bronstert, Gerd Bürger and Klaus Vormoor, Meteorological and hydrological drought assessment in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins (1970–2013)(2020).', 'Lucy Mtilatila, Axel Bronstert, Gerd Bürger and Klaus Vormoor (2020), Meteorological and hydrological drought assessment in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins (1970–2013).', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(436, 'Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi', 'Wezi G. Mhango, Sieglinde S. Snapp, and George Y.K. Phiri', '2012', 'Journals', '', '91627', '20 May 2021', 'Sustainable intensification of smallholder farms in Africa is highly dependent on enhancing biological nitrogen fixation\r\n(BNF). Legume diversification of maize-based systems is a core example of sustainable intensification, with the food\r\nsecurity of millions of farm families at stake. This study highlights the constraints and opportunities associated with the\r\nadoption of legumes by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. A two-part survey of households and farm fields (n=88)\r\nwas conducted in the Ekwendeni watershed of northern Malawi. Participatory research and education activities have\r\nbeen underway for over a decade in this region, resulting in expanded uptake of a range of legume species as intercrops\r\nand in rotation with the staple maize crop. Farmer adoption has occurred to a varying extent for soybean (Glycine max),\r\npigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii). Farmers, working with the\r\nproject valued pigeon pea and other legumes for soil fertility purposes to a greater extent than farmers not working with\r\nthe project. Legumes were valued for a wide range of purposes beyond soil cover and fertility enhancement, notably for\r\ninfant nutrition (at least for soybean), insect control, and vegetable and grain production for both market and home\r\nconsumption. Literature values for BNF in tropical legumes range up to 170kgNha−1 for grain and 300kgNha−1 for\r\ngreen manure species; however, our field interviews illustrated the extent of constraints imposed by soil properties on\r\nsmallholder fields in Malawi. The key edaphic constraints observed were very deficient to moderate phosphorus levels\r\n(range 4–142, average 33mgkg−1), and moderately acid soils (range pH 5.1–7.9, average 6.2). The per farm hectarage\r\ndevoted to legume production relative to maize production was also low (0.15 versus 0.35 ha), a surprising find in an area\r\nwith demonstrated interest in novel legume species. Further, farmers showed a strong preference for legumes that\r\nproduced edible grain, regardless of the associated nutrient removal in the harvested grain, and did not sow large areas to\r\nlegume crops. These farm-level decisions act as constraints to BNF inputs in maize-based smallholder cropping systems.\r\nOverall, we found that legume productivity could be enhanced. We documented the value of policies and educational\r\nefforts that support farmers gaining access to high-quality seeds, amendments for phosphorus-deficient soils, and\r\npromotion of multipurpose legumes that build soils through leafy residues and roots, as well as providing grain for food\r\nsecurity and sales.\r\nKey words: integrated soil fertility management, smallholder farmer, sustainable intensification', 'Wezi G. Mhango, Sieglinde S. Snapp, and George Y.K. Phiri (2012), Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi.', 'Wezi G. Mhango, Sieglinde S. Snapp, and George Y.K. Phiri, Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi(2012).', 'Wezi G. Mhango, Sieglinde S. Snapp, and George Y.K. Phiri (2012), Opportunities and constraints to legume diversification for sustainable maize production on smallholder farms in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(437, 'Analysis of fertilizer subsidy programs and ecosystem services in Malawi', 'Jarret Mhango and Jan Dick', '2011', 'Journals', '', '79408', '20 May 2021', 'This paper evaluates the delivery of ecosystem services under different regimes of agricultural input subsidy in postindependent\r\nMalawi using (1) the protocol of the Millennium Ecosystem Service to characterize the services; and (2) the\r\npanarchy framework to describe the relationships among the political regimes, economic growth [gross domestic product\r\n(GDP)] and food security. Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems that support, directly or\r\nindirectly, human survival and quality of life. Panarchy is a nested set of adaptive cycles that provides a tool to explore the\r\nconductivity of ecological and social-cultural systems. The Malawian temporal political landscape has experienced several\r\nreorganizations since independence, in which the governments of Malawi have initiated socio-economic growth of the\r\neconomy through implementation of different farmer input subsidy programs with variable success. The most recent\r\nagricultural subsidy program (2005–2009) appears to have shown an improvement in food security for the people of\r\nMalawi. However, this may be at the expense of an increased rate of decline in other ecosystem services, especially arable\r\nland resources and forestry. If agricultural subsidies continue to be implemented without a holistic understanding of all\r\necosystem services delivered to the whole country, then the system will be unsustainable. We recommend the ecosystem\r\nservice approach and the panarchy framework as potentially useful tools for policy makers.\r\nKey words: human well-being, agricultural economic growth, socio-ecological systems, panarchy', 'Jarret Mhango and Jan Dick (2011), Analysis of fertilizer subsidy programs and ecosystem services in Malawi.', 'Jarret Mhango and Jan Dick, Analysis of fertilizer subsidy programs and ecosystem services in Malawi(2011).', 'Jarret Mhango and Jan Dick (2011), Analysis of fertilizer subsidy programs and ecosystem services in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(438, 'Modelling under-nutrition in under-five children in Malawi', 'Lana Clara Chikhungu', '2013', 'Dissertations', '', '63400', '20 May 2021', 'Despite numerous Government efforts to tackle the problem of child under-nutrition in Malawi,\r\nthe levels of child under-nutrition remain high with stunting estimated at 47% and underweight\r\nat 12.7% . This thesis investigates whether the levels and patterns of stunting and underweight\r\nin Malawi have changed between the years 2000 and 2010 and if so how. It studies how\r\nfeeding patterns and child immunisation affects child’s nutritional status in Malawi and analyses\r\nthe different pathways through which household and community level socio-economic factors\r\naffect a child’s nutritional status in Malawi.\r\nThe Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) data sets of 2000, 2004 and 2010 are\r\nused in the study of levels and patterns of child under-nutrition in Malawi whilst the 2004\r\nMDHS is used to investigate how feeding patterns and child immunisation affect a child’s\r\nnutritionals status in Malawi. The 2004 Malawi Integrated Household Survey data is merged\r\nwith the 2004 Community level to analyse the pathways through which household and\r\ncommunity level socio-economic factors affect child nutritional status in Malawi.\r\nResults of this study show that children from communities that have a daily market are less\r\nlikely to be stunted compared to children from communities without a daily market. Children\r\nfrom communities that trace their descendants through their father have a lower likelihood of\r\nstunting compared to children from communities that trace their descendants through the mother\r\ndue to being of relatively higher economic status. The levels of stunting and underweight have\r\ngone down significantly from 54.1% and 21.4% respectively in the year 2000 to 47.1% and\r\n12.7% respectively in 2010. However, the percentage of children that are stunted but not\r\naffected with other under-nutrition problems has hardly changed, estimated at 37.2% in 2000\r\nand 36.2% in 2010.\r\nAlthough generally female children are less likely to be stunted and less likely to be\r\nunderweight, female children are more likely to be underweight as they get older. Contrary to\r\nwhat one would expect, children are more likely to be stunted during harvest time compared to\r\nthe hunger season. Most of the children are fed food from the local grain, whilst in fact children\r\naged between 7 to 36 months who consume food from animal sources are less likely to be\r\nundernourished. Children whose mothers are in possession of a child health card1 are less likely\r\nto be underweight.\r\nThe Malawi Government should therefore intensify its efforts of encouraging mothers to attend\r\nunder-five clinics, feed children that are undergoing weaning food from animal sources and\r\nshould invest more in programmes that boost socio-economic status such as education and\r\nentrepreneurship skills.', 'Lana Clara Chikhungu (2013), Modelling under-nutrition in under-five children in Malawi.', 'Lana Clara Chikhungu, Modelling under-nutrition in under-five children in Malawi(2013).', 'Lana Clara Chikhungu (2013), Modelling under-nutrition in under-five children in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(439, 'The Impact of Access to Credit on the Adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: An Empirical test of an Agricultural Household Model under credit market failure', 'Simtowe, Franklin and Zeller, Manfred', '2006', 'Corporate Reports', '', '64225', '20 May 2021', '', 'Simtowe, Franklin and Zeller, Manfred (2006), The Impact of Access to Credit on the Adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: An Empirical test of an Agricultural Household Model under credit market failure.', 'Simtowe, Franklin and Zeller, Manfred, The Impact of Access to Credit on the Adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: An Empirical test of an Agricultural Household Model under credit market failure(2006).', 'Simtowe, Franklin and Zeller, Manfred (2006), The Impact of Access to Credit on the Adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: An Empirical test of an Agricultural Household Model under credit market failure.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(440, 'Poverty and Vulnerability - An Interdisciplinary Approach', 'Makoka, Donald and Kaplan, Marcus', '2005', 'Corporate Reports', '', '77289', '20 May 2021', '', 'Makoka, Donald and Kaplan, Marcus (2005), Poverty and Vulnerability - An Interdisciplinary Approach.', 'Makoka, Donald and Kaplan, Marcus, Poverty and Vulnerability - An Interdisciplinary Approach(2005).', 'Makoka, Donald and Kaplan, Marcus (2005), Poverty and Vulnerability - An Interdisciplinary Approach.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(441, 'Do rural households smooth their consumption? Applying an asset-based approach to the case of Malawi.', 'Makoka, Donald', '2009', 'Corporate Reports', '', '86015', '20 May 2021', '', 'Makoka, Donald (2009), Do rural households smooth their consumption? Applying an asset-based approach to the case of Malawi..', 'Makoka, Donald, Do rural households smooth their consumption? Applying an asset-based approach to the case of Malawi.(2009).', 'Makoka, Donald (2009), Do rural households smooth their consumption? Applying an asset-based approach to the case of Malawi..', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(442, 'The impact of drought on household vulnerability: The case of rural Malawi', 'Makoka, Donald', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '31628', '20 May 2021', '', 'Makoka, Donald (2008), The impact of drought on household vulnerability: The case of rural Malawi.', 'Makoka, Donald, The impact of drought on household vulnerability: The case of rural Malawi(2008).', 'Makoka, Donald (2008), The impact of drought on household vulnerability: The case of rural Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(443, 'Banking Instability and Deposit Insurance: The Role of Moral Hazard', 'Ngalawa, Harold and Tchana Tchana, Fulbert and Viegi, Nicola', '2011', 'Journals', '', '76084', '20 May 2021', 'This paper aims at empirically investigating the role of moral hazard in the\r\ne¢ctivity of deposit insurance in achieving banking stability. If the negative\r\ne¤ect of deposit insurance on banking stability is through moral hazard, then\r\ndeposit insurance will be associated with banking insolvency and credit crunch\r\nmore than with bank runs. To test this hypothesis, we compute measures of\r\nthese two types of banking instability. We nd that deposit insurance per se\r\nhas no signicant e¤ect either on bank insolvency and credit crunch or on bank\r\nruns. However, when the deposit insurance is coupled with an increase in credit\r\nto private sector, it has a positive and signicant e¤ect on bank insolvency and\r\ncredit crunch but not on bank runs.\r\nKeywords: Banking Crises, Deposit Insurance, Moral hazard', 'Ngalawa, Harold and Tchana Tchana, Fulbert and Viegi, Nicola (2011), Banking Instability and Deposit Insurance: The Role of Moral Hazard.', 'Ngalawa, Harold and Tchana Tchana, Fulbert and Viegi, Nicola, Banking Instability and Deposit Insurance: The Role of Moral Hazard(2011).', 'Ngalawa, Harold and Tchana Tchana, Fulbert and Viegi, Nicola (2011), Banking Instability and Deposit Insurance: The Role of Moral Hazard.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(444, 'Trade and agricultural policies in Malawi: Not all policy reform is equally good for the poor', 'Douillet, Mathilde', '2012', 'Public Reports', '', '88434', '20 May 2021', 'The reduction of the existing global distortions to agricultural incentives is sometimes stated as a priority\r\nto fight poverty worldwide. But the impacts of global trade policy and domestic development policy reforms are\r\nrarely, if ever, compared. Despite technical limitations hindering rigorous comparison of the overall growth\r\neffects, also hampering cost-benefit analysis, this paper contributes at filling this gap by focusing on the\r\ncomparison of the distributional poverty impacts of both types of policies. It uses the MIRAGE global\r\ncomputable general equilibrium –CGE- model feeding a national CGE model representing Malawi in 2007\r\nlinked to household survey to examine how different trade policy reforms by Malawi and the rest of the world\r\nwould impact poverty in Malawi. The country’s recent agricultural growth history due to the Fertilizer Input\r\nSubsidy Program is replicated and compared with a more broad-based sectoral approach. The effects of\r\naccelerating growth in agriculture and downstream sectors are compared with those of integrating in the regional\r\nand multilateral markets. Non preferential trade policy reforms are found to be less favourable for poverty\r\nreduction of the poorest than regional integration or preferential integration. Faster intensification and\r\ndiversification of agriculture is found to enable targeting the poorest that are less likely to be connected to\r\ninternational markets. Therefore, while policy reforms generating growth in general may be good for some\r\npoors, it is found that that not all policy reforms are equally good. Thus, despite the fact that trade policies could\r\nhelp fight poverty in Malawi, there are no substitute to development policies, and if undertaken simultaneously,\r\ntheir coherence should be checked thoroughly.\r\nJEL codes: D58, O55, F13, O47 and Q17.\r\nKeywords: Malawi, Economic Growth, Trade policy, Agricultural Policy, Poverty, Computable General\r\nEquilibrium', 'Douillet, Mathilde (2012), Trade and agricultural policies in Malawi: Not all policy reform is equally good for the poor.', 'Douillet, Mathilde, Trade and agricultural policies in Malawi: Not all policy reform is equally good for the poor(2012).', 'Douillet, Mathilde (2012), Trade and agricultural policies in Malawi: Not all policy reform is equally good for the poor.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(445, 'Impact of Improved Maize Adoption on Welfare of Farm Households in Malawi: A Panel Data Analysis', 'Bezu, Sosina and Kassie, Girma and Shiferaw, Bekele and Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob', '2013', 'Journals', '', '74924', '20 May 2021', 'This paper assesses improved maize adoption in Malawi and examines the link between adoption\r\nand household welfare using a three-year household panel data. The distributional effect of\r\nmaize technology adoption is also investigated by looking at impacts across wealth and gender\r\ngroups. We applied control function approach and IV regression to control for endogeneity of\r\ninput subsidy and improved maize adoption. We found that modern maize variety adoption is\r\npositively correlated with the household’s own maize consumption, income and asset holdings.\r\nWe found evidence that improved maize adoption has stronger impact on welfare of femaleheaded\r\nhouseholds and poorer households.\r\nKey words: Improved maize, hybrid maize, technology adoption, subsidy, Malawi, Africa', 'Bezu, Sosina and Kassie, Girma and Shiferaw, Bekele and Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob (2013), Impact of Improved Maize Adoption on Welfare of Farm Households in Malawi: A Panel Data Analysis.', 'Bezu, Sosina and Kassie, Girma and Shiferaw, Bekele and Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob, Impact of Improved Maize Adoption on Welfare of Farm Households in Malawi: A Panel Data Analysis(2013).', 'Bezu, Sosina and Kassie, Girma and Shiferaw, Bekele and Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob (2013), Impact of Improved Maize Adoption on Welfare of Farm Households in Malawi: A Panel Data Analysis.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(446, 'ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE TO RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE', 'LUNGILE PEARL SINDISWA MVELASE', '2017', 'Dissertations', '', '79759', '20 May 2021', 'While South Africa appears to meet its national food requirements, access to food at household level remains a challenge for 14.3 million South Africans. Paradoxically, the majority of households with inadequate or severely inadequate access to food are smallholder farmers in rural areas. The study assessed the contribution of smallholder agriculture to rural household food security in Sekhukhune district of Limpopo province. The study employed only quantitative research data collection. Data collection was through a random sample of 175 respondents in five localities in Sekhukhune district. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. The study utilized the sustainable livelihoods framework to explore the smallholder agriculture and food security nexus.\r\nA logit regression model estimated the socio-economic factors affecting household involvement in agriculture. The results suggest that market access, land ownership, gender, education, age, and household size had statistically significant effects on household involvement in agriculture. The food security status of households in Sekhukhune District was determined using the Household Dietary Diversity Score. According to the score classification, about 54.9% households were food secure while 45.1% were food insecure. A higher percentage of households practising agriculture were food secure (62%) compared to non-farming households (50%).\r\nThe study then employed a Tobit model to estimate the demographic variables that determine the food security status of households. The results suggest that age, non-farm income, social grants, access to market, agriculture involvement and livestock ownership had a statistically significant impact on household food security.\r\nThe study concludes that smallholder agricultural production alone is insufficient to propel households out of poverty and food insecurity. Other livelihood strategies are required to complement smallholder agriculture. Resource-poor agricultural producers only realize limited success in generating income from farming activities. The study recommends improvement of agricultural producer support services to incentivize farmers and to address identified constraints such as the costs of agricultural inputs and access to land and markets', 'LUNGILE PEARL SINDISWA MVELASE (2017), ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE TO RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE.', 'LUNGILE PEARL SINDISWA MVELASE, ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE TO RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE(2017).', 'LUNGILE PEARL SINDISWA MVELASE (2017), ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE TO RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SEKHUKHUNE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(447, 'FOOD SECURITY ACTION PLAN -Volume I ', 'MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '49434', '20 May 2021', 'Malawi has been experiencing a growing food insecurity problem and only recently this\r\ntrend is being reversed. Rainfall is erratic and persistent droughts have over time eroded\r\nthe capacity of poor households to produce enough food or earn sufficient income to\r\npurchase from the market. On average, over the last decade, the country has only\r\nmanaged to produce enough staple food to feed its population once in every three years.\r\nFood shortages at both the national and household levels have of late been exacerbated by\r\nmacro-economic instability and a general stagnation of the economy. The country in the\r\nrecent past relied on food imports and food aid. Currently about 10% of Malawians are\r\nchronically food insecure and are in need of long-term safety nets to sustain their\r\nlivelihoods.\r\nAlthough the country is endowed with a good supply of labour for agriculture, yields are\r\nlow even in good rainfall years.1 Many farmers fail to access critical inputs such as\r\nimproved seed and fertilisers due to lack of capital and access to credit. When available,\r\nfertilisers are expensive due to the high freight costs. This has often persuaded the\r\ngovernment to subsidise and target the input, although at high cost to the government’s\r\nfiscal budget. A combination of growing population pressure and limited use of soil\r\nfertility management practices has resulted in perpetual land degradation, which\r\nmanifests itself in declining soil fertility and therefore low yields. About 60% of\r\nhouseholds in Malawi cultivate less than one hectare of land with 25% having access to\r\nless than half a hectare. Only about 15% of smallholder farmers produce marketable\r\nsurpluses. About 55% of households cannot generate any income through farming. Thus\r\nthey offer their labour for cultivation of other farms on the basis of a daily wage, which\r\nearns a meagre income. Experience with these types of problems has increased the\r\nGovernment’s commitment to ensure that the country has access to adequate supplies of\r\nfood at all times to meet subsistence and commercial needs.', 'MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY (2008), FOOD SECURITY ACTION PLAN -Volume I .', 'MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SECURITY ACTION PLAN -Volume I (2008).', 'MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY (2008), FOOD SECURITY ACTION PLAN -Volume I .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(448, 'The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC )', 'Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Lilongwe, Malawi Energy and Environment', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '72736', '20 May 2021', 'Malawi derives the bulk of her revenues from the agriculture sector, whose viability\r\ndepends on the availability of adequate and reliable rainfall. As such, the country’s\r\neconomy, prosperity and the well being of its people are highly vulnerable to climate change\r\nand climate variability. In the light of the above, it is imperative that appropriate measures\r\nand strategies are taken into account to ensure accurate predictions of weather and climaterelated\r\nchanges and their associated adverse impacts on sectors of economic growth and\r\nvulnerable communities. We are fully aware that establishing the required management and\r\nresponse strategies is a daunting task because local weather changes and variability are\r\nembedded in global climate systems that transcend national boundaries. However, we take\r\nconsolation in the realization that opportunities for managing and mitigating the adverse\r\nimpacts of climate change are global endeavors, whose goals are ensuring a future that\r\npreserves the health and prosperity of the local and global communities, and that many\r\ncountries in the world to day strongly support efforts to combat global warming. It is in this\r\nregard that the Government and the people of Malawi wish to reaffirm their commitment to\r\nenvironmental protection in general, and climate change in particular, by preparing the\r\nSecond National Communication (SNC) of Malawi document.\r\nIn June 1992, Malawi signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\r\n(UNFCCC). The Convention entered into force on 21st April 1994, and Malawi ratified the\r\nConvention in April 1994, and became a party to it on 21st July 1994. In 1999, Malawi\r\nreceived funding from Global Environmental Facility (GEF) to prepare its Initial National\r\nCommunication (INC) under the “Climate Change Enabling Activities Project”. The\r\npreparation and production of the INC in 2003, and that of the National Adaptation\r\nProgrammes of Action (NAPA) in 2006, marked important and significant milestones in\r\nMalawi’s quest to address the adverse impacts of climate change on sectors of economic\r\ngrowth and vulnerable communities. The preparation of these documents facilitated\r\ninstitutional capacity building in the country, and also enabled local experts to acquire the\r\nrequisite skills for modeling climate change capabilities. This led to the building of strong\r\ntechnical teams of local Malawians who prepared various thematic technical reports that\r\nappear in both the Initial National Communication (INC) and the National Adaptation\r\nProgrammes of Action (NAPA).\r\nThis document takes stock of the efforts Government and its developmental partners have\r\nmade in order to address issues of climate change highlighted in the Initial National\r\nCommunication. It fills gaps that were identified in the Initial National Communication, and\r\nhighlights opportunities which our country needs to embrace in order to protect the\r\nenvironment and vulnerable communities against the adverse impacts of climate change.\r\nThe Second National Communication of Malawi gives information on: (i) national\r\ncircumstances, (ii) greenhouse gases inventory for the period 1995-2000, (iii) programmes\r\ncontaining measures to facilitate adaptation to climate change ((V&A assessments), (iv)\r\nprogrammes containing measures to mitigate climate change, (v) other information\r\nconsidered relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, (vii) constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs, and (viii) proposed climate\r\nchange projects.\r\nI wish to express my heartfelt gratitude, and that of the Government and people of Malawi,\r\nto all those who have generously contributed in various ways in the production of this\r\nSecond National Communication. Let me also extend my special thanks to the Global\r\nenvironment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for\r\nfinancial and technical support.', 'Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Lilongwe, Malawi Energy and Environment (2011), The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ).', 'Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Lilongwe, Malawi Energy and Environment, The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC )(2011).', 'Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Lilongwe, Malawi Energy and Environment (2011), The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ).', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(449, 'Impact of Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi', 'M. M. Dey, P. Kambewa, M. Prein, D. Jamu, F. J. Paraguas, D. E. Pemsl and R. M. Briones', '2006', 'Journals', '', '12861', '20 May 2021', 'Malawi is a small but densely populated country in Southern Africa. Fish is an important part of\r\nthe nutrition of Malawians, providing essential protein and micronutrients. However, per capita\r\nfish consumption has halved over the ten-year period between 1988 to 1998 due to over-fishing in\r\nthe lakes and doubling of the population since the 1970s, accompanied by an increase in the price\r\nof fish. This has worsened access to food insecurity, especially in rural areas, in a country where an\r\nestimated 66 per cent of the population consume less than the minimum daily calorie requirement.\r\nThis paper presents an ex-post impact assessment of the development and dissemination of smallscale\r\nintegrated aquaculture-agriculture technologies by The WorldFish Center and its national and\r\ninternational partners over more than 15 years in Malawi. The impact study measures the effects of\r\nthese outputs on the degree of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) technology adoption and\r\ndiffusion, the effects on farm income and health of household members, and the welfare effects of\r\nincreased fish supply on the Malawian economy.', 'M. M. Dey, P. Kambewa, M. Prein, D. Jamu, F. J. Paraguas, D. E. Pemsl and R. M. Briones (2006), Impact of Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi.', 'M. M. Dey, P. Kambewa, M. Prein, D. Jamu, F. J. Paraguas, D. E. Pemsl and R. M. Briones, Impact of Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi(2006).', 'M. M. Dey, P. Kambewa, M. Prein, D. Jamu, F. J. Paraguas, D. E. Pemsl and R. M. Briones (2006), Impact of Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture (IAA) Technologies in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(450, 'HIV and AIDS vulnerability in fishing communities in Mangochi district, Malawi', 'Joseph Nagoli, Katrien Holvoet and Michelle Remme', '2010', 'Journals', '', '92991', '20 May 2021', 'The fisheries sector contributes significantly to Malawi’s national economy and to the livelihoods of the poor as\r\ncertain activities in the sector have relatively low barriers to entry. Various studies have shown that the fisheries\r\nsector suffers from high HIV prevalence in many low-income countries. In Malawi, HIV prevalence as well as the\r\ncauses and impact of HIV infections among fisherfolk are yet to be assessed. Participatory action research was\r\nconducted in Mangochi District, in the southern part of Lake Malawi, between December 2007 and January 2008, to\r\nidentify critical HIV-risk points along the value-chain for the Lake Sardine or usipa (Engraulicypris sardella) fishery.\r\nData were collected through interviews with key informants and from focus group discussions at the community,\r\ninstitution, district and market levels. An analysis of vulnerability resulted in the formulation of mechanisms to\r\nredress HIV and AIDS prevention and mitigation at each point of vulnerability. The findings show that HIV and\r\nAIDS vulnerability in the fishery’s market-chain is highest where fish processing and trading influence sexual\r\nrelationships between fishermen and female fish traders. The period of high usipa catches (December to March)\r\ncoincides with a period of food shortage and fishing offers income-generating opportunities for many food-insecure\r\nhouseholds. This increases competition in processing and trading fish, a socio-economic situation that may result\r\nin increased instances of transactional sex. The interactions along the usipa fishery’s market-chain, from rural to\r\nurban settings, also favour the transmission of HIV from areas of high prevalence to areas with otherwise low HIV\r\nrisk.\r\nKeywords: fisheries sector, HIV prevalence, Lake Malawi, migration, participatory research, small-scale enterprises,\r\ntransactional sex, usipa, vulnerable groups', 'Joseph Nagoli, Katrien Holvoet and Michelle Remme (2010), HIV and AIDS vulnerability in fishing communities in Mangochi district, Malawi.', 'Joseph Nagoli, Katrien Holvoet and Michelle Remme, HIV and AIDS vulnerability in fishing communities in Mangochi district, Malawi(2010).', 'Joseph Nagoli, Katrien Holvoet and Michelle Remme (2010), HIV and AIDS vulnerability in fishing communities in Mangochi district, Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(451, 'National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Malawi', 'Everhart Nangoma', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '86033', '20 May 2021', 'Bordered by Mozambique, Zambia and Tanzania in the Southern part of the continent of Africa\r\nlies the country, Malawi covering 11.8 million hectares, of which 9.4 million is land, while the\r\nrest is composed of water bodies dominated by Lake Malawi. Of the total land area, 31% is\r\nsuitable for rain-fed agriculture, 32% is marginal and 37% is unsuitable for agriculture. With the\r\ngrowth rate of about 2%, Malawi’s population is estimated at 12 million (MDHS 1998). About\r\n85% of the population is based in rural areas with women forming 51% of the population and\r\nlife expectancy as low as 40 years.\r\nThe impacts of climate change are likely to be considerable in tropical regions. Developing\r\ncountries are generally considered more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than more\r\ndeveloped countries, largely attributed to a low capacity to adapt in the developing world\r\n(Thomas and Twyman, 2005). And of the developing countries, many in Africa are seen as\r\nbeing most vulnerable to climate variability and change (Slingo et al., 2005).\r\nLike many other developing countries, Malawi has not been spared from the severe impacts of\r\nclimate change. In the last two decades, Malawi has experienced a number of adverse climatic\r\nhazards. The most serious ones have been dry spells, seasonal droughts, intense rainfall,\r\nriverine floods and flash floods. Some of these especially droughts and floods, have since\r\nincreased in frequency, intensity and magnitude over the same two decades, and have\r\nadversely impacted on food and water security, water quality, energy and sustainable\r\nlivelihoods of the most rural communities.', 'Everhart Nangoma (2007), National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Malawi.', 'Everhart Nangoma, National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Malawi(2007).', 'Everhart Nangoma (2007), National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(452, 'DETERMINING THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN A SOUTH AFICAN TOWNSHIP', 'FUMANE PONTSO NDOBO', '2013', 'Dissertations', '', '91451', '20 May 2021', 'The purpose of the study was to determine the food security status of households in a South African township of Kwakwatsi. The research methodology was undertaken in two stages; firstly, a literature review was undertaken in order to provide a theoretical perspective on household food security. Secondly, an empirical study comprising of a household survey was undertaken. The household survey was conducted among 225 participants of Kwakwatsi Township in the Free State province (South Africa). Data was collected using a self-administrated-questionnaire.\r\nThe attainment of household food security is a major concern facing the world at large, including South Africa. South Africa is classified as a middle income country with large inequalities and absolute poverty. Although South Africa is nationally self-sufficient in food supply, many households are vulnerable to food insecurity. Natural disasters, population growth, low agricultural development, food prices, income inequalities, poverty and health issues are the main causes of household food insecurity in the world.\r\nThe method of data analysis was two-fold: firstly, the Household Food Insecurity Access scale (HFIAS) developed by the USAID was used to determine the food security status of households in Kwakwatsi. Secondly, a logit regression model was used to estimate the socio-economic and demographic variables that determine the food security status of households. According to the HFIAS classification measure, approximately 51.1% of households were categorised as food secure, 8.9% as mildly food insecure and 10.7% as moderately food insecure and 29.3% as severely food insecure. Food insecurity was mostly associated with female-headed households than male-headed households.\r\nThe results of the regression analysis suggest that gender, household size, marital status and household income influence household food security. The probability of food security decreases if household is headed by a female. Larger household sizes experience less food security because they consume more food with fewer resources. Households headed by people who are not married have a higher chance of being food secure than those of married couples, this is because married couples have larger household sizes compared to unmarried household heads. Household income was the most significant predictor of household food security and was found to be positively related to household food security.\r\nThe study recommends that agricultural education be promoted in the study area to encourage people to engage in farming/gardening as a source of generating extra income, especially in female-headed households.', 'FUMANE PONTSO NDOBO (2013), DETERMINING THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN A SOUTH AFICAN TOWNSHIP.', 'FUMANE PONTSO NDOBO, DETERMINING THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN A SOUTH AFICAN TOWNSHIP(2013).', 'FUMANE PONTSO NDOBO (2013), DETERMINING THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN A SOUTH AFICAN TOWNSHIP.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(453, 'New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa', 'Alex de Waal, Alan Whiteside', '2003', 'Journals', '', '64523', '21 May 2021', 'Southern Africa is undergoing a food crisis of surprising scale and novelty. The familiar culprits of drought and\r\nmismanagement of national strategies are implicated. However, this crisis is distinct from conventional droughtinduced\r\nfood shortages with respect to those vulnerable to starvation, and the course of impoverishment and\r\nrecovery. We propose that these new aspects to the food crisis can be attributed largely to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in\r\nthe region. We present evidence that we are facing a new variant famine. We have used frameworks drawn from\r\nfamine theory to examine the implications. HIV/AIDS has created a new category of highly vulnerable households—\r\nnamely, those with ill adults or those whose adults have died. The general burden of care in both AIDS-affected and\r\nnon-AIDS-affected households has reduced the viability of farming livelihoods. The sensitivity of rural communities to\r\nexternal shocks such as drought has increased, and their resilience has declined. The prospects for a sharp decline\r\ninto severe famine are increased, and possibilities for recovery reduced.', 'Alex de Waal, Alan Whiteside (2003), New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa.', 'Alex de Waal, Alan Whiteside, New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa(2003).', 'Alex de Waal, Alan Whiteside (2003), New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(454, 'DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS IN MALAWI', 'Harold Ngalawa and Nicola Viegi', '2011', 'Journals', '', '64646', '21 May 2021', 'This paper sets out to investigate the process through which monetary policy affects economic\r\nactivity in Malawi. Using innovation accounting in a structural vector autoregressive model, it is\r\nestablished that monetary authorities in Malawi employ hybrid operating procedures and pursue\r\nboth price stability and high growth and employment objectives. Two operating targets of\r\nmonetary policy are identified, viz., bank rate and reserve money, and it is demonstrated that the\r\nformer is a more effective measure of monetary policy than the latter. The study also illustrates\r\nthat bank lending, exchange rates and aggregate money supply contain important additional\r\ninformation in the transmission process of monetary policy shocks in Malawi. Furthermore, it is\r\nshown that the floatation of the Malawi Kwacha in February 1994 had considerable effects on the\r\ncountry’s monetary transmission process. In the post-1994 period, the role of exchange rates\r\nbecame more conspicuous than before although its impact was weakened, and the importance of\r\naggregate money supply and bank lending in transmitting monetary policy impulses was\r\nenhanced. Overall, the monetary transmission process evolved from a weak, blurred process to a\r\nsomewhat strong, less ambiguous mechanism.\r\nKeywords: Monetary policy, structural VARs, monetary transmission', 'Harold Ngalawa and Nicola Viegi (2011), DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS IN MALAWI.', 'Harold Ngalawa and Nicola Viegi, DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS IN MALAWI(2011).', 'Harold Ngalawa and Nicola Viegi (2011), DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS IN MALAWI.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(455, 'Interaction of Formal and Informal Financial Markets in Quasi-Emerging Market Economies', 'Harold P.E. Ngalawaand Nicola Viegi', '2013', 'Journals', '', '11694', '21 May 2021', 'The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the interaction of formal and\r\ninformal .nancial markets and their impact on economic activity in quasi-emerging\r\nmarket economies. Using a four-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model\r\nwith asymmetric information in the formal .nancial sector, we come up with three\r\nfundamental .ndings. First, we demonstrate that formal and informal .nancial sector\r\nloans are complementary in the aggregate, suggesting that an increase in the use of\r\nformal .nancial sector credit creates additional productive capacity that requires more\r\ninformal .nancial sector credit to maintain equilibrium. Second, it is shown that\r\ninterest rates in the formal and informal .nancial sectors do not always change together\r\nin the same direction. We demonstrate that in some instances, interest rates in the\r\ntwo sectors change in diametrically opposed directions with the implication that the\r\ninformal .nancial sector may frustrate monetary policy, the extent of which depends\r\non the size of the informal .nancial sector. Thus, the larger the size of the informal\r\n.nancial sector the lower the likely impact of monetary policy on economic activity.\r\nThird, the model shows that the risk factor (probability of success) for both high and\r\nlow risk borrowers plays an important role in determining the magnitude by which\r\nmacroeconomic indicators respond to shocks.\r\nKey words: Informal .nancial sector, formal .nancial sector, monetary policy, gen-\r\neral equilibrium', 'Harold P.E. Ngalawaand Nicola Viegi (2013), Interaction of Formal and Informal Financial Markets in Quasi-Emerging Market Economies.', 'Harold P.E. Ngalawaand Nicola Viegi, Interaction of Formal and Informal Financial Markets in Quasi-Emerging Market Economies(2013).', 'Harold P.E. Ngalawaand Nicola Viegi (2013), Interaction of Formal and Informal Financial Markets in Quasi-Emerging Market Economies.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(456, 'Food security: reviving agricultural production or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi', 'Mathilde Douillet, FARM', '2013', 'Journals', '', '13259', '21 May 2021', 'To fight poverty and food insecurity in Africa, governments and donors have first given priority measures to revive agriculture. Recently, however, strengthening social protection has become more and more popular. Following pilot initiatives, social safety nets are now being scaled up across the African continent. Comparing the effectiveness of these two types of measures makes sense. In Malawi, input subsidies have increased maize production, but are ineffective at reducing rural poverty and ensuring food security when the context is unfavourable. Social welfare, in the form of cash transfers, may appear to compete for the same funding, but its effects are complementary. It is by combining these two programs – social support for the most vulnerable, productive support for poor farmers – that Malawi could better respond to the diverse needs of its population.', 'Mathilde Douillet, FARM (2013), Food security: reviving agricultural production or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi.', 'Mathilde Douillet, FARM, Food security: reviving agricultural production or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi(2013).', 'Mathilde Douillet, FARM (2013), Food security: reviving agricultural production or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(457, 'SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN BURERA DISTRICT, RWANDA', 'VINCENT NSABUWERA', '2018', 'Dissertations', '', '96406', '21 May 2021', 'The agricultural sector is the backbone of the Rwandan economy, contributing 33% of the GDP. It has recorded steady increases in the last decade. While Rwanda is classified as food secure at macro level, about half of the households in Rwanda still face seasonal difficulties in accessing adequate food, meaning that they are at high risk of becoming food insecure in terms of food availability and accessibility. Most of the households at risk are typically rural households who mainly depend on agricultural daily labour for their livelihoods and mostly live on their own farm production. The objective of this study was to investigate the Socio-economic determinants of food security among the mixed smallholder farmers in Burera district of Rwanda. Data were collected from 378 smallholder farmers ’households selected by using a Multi-Stage Random Sampling technique. Household food security status was assessed and categorized using internationally validated HFIAS tool. To analyse the effect of socio-economic determinants of household food security status of the sampled smallholder farmers, Multinomial Logit Model was used. The results revealed that only 6.3% of the sampled smallholder farmers’ households could be classified as food secure, 15.6% of the households were found to be mildly food insecure, while 34.7% were moderately food insecure and 43.4% were found to be severely food insecure, which implies that a majority of the smallholder farmers in the study area live in food insecurity situation. The study also revealed that 77.7% of the respondents were operating on farm size less than one hectare. About 54.2% of the respondent households had at least one medium to large livestock (cow, goat, sheep or pig) that helped them to produce organic manure, with only 15.87% having cows in their households. The study revealed that 42.9% of the respondents earned on farm income range of 200,000-300,000Frw. About 72% of the respondents did not have access to financial facility while 92% of the respondents did not receive any training in agricultural practices or a home visit from an extension agent within the previous one-year period. Only 25% of the respondents had ever used mineral fertilizers in the previous two agricultural seasons. The Multinomial Logit model odds ratios revealed that farm size, on-farm income and gender (women headed households) were found to influence positively the probability of a household to be in the category of food secure or better off food insecurity level (mild or moderate) when compared to severe food insecurity status. On the other hand, family size, poor access to financial facilities, agricultural trainings and extension services, as well as low education level of the household head had a negative effect on the probability of a household to be in better off category of food security status when compared to the severe food insecurity. Based on the findings, the study recommends to strengthen the implementation of the land use consolidation policy among the smallholder farmers, which would ease efficient exploitation of consolidate land capital units as well as easy access to subsidized fertilizers and agricultural extension assistance. The study further recommends policy actions aimed at more income generation and optimal exploitation of the available surplus labour among the smallholder farmers. This could be through development of rural based agro-processing enterprises. Efforts to increase awareness on women empowerment and financial literacy among the smallholder farmers are also recommended.\r\nKeywords: Food security, HFIAS, smallholder farmers, Multinomial logit model, Rwanda.', 'VINCENT NSABUWERA (2018), SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN BURERA DISTRICT, RWANDA.', 'VINCENT NSABUWERA, SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN BURERA DISTRICT, RWANDA(2018).', 'VINCENT NSABUWERA (2018), SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN BURERA DISTRICT, RWANDA.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(458, ' Food security: reviving agricultural production                or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi ', 'Mathilde Douillet, ', '2013', 'Corporate Reports', '', '48806', '21 May 2021', 'To fight poverty and food insecurity in Africa, governments and donors have first given priority measures to revive agriculture. Recently, however, strengthening social protection has become more and more popular. Following pilot initiatives, social safety nets are now being scaled up across the African continent. Comparing the effectiveness of these two types of measures makes sense. In Malawi, input subsidies have increased maize production, but are ineffective at reducing rural poverty and ensuring food security when the context is unfavourable. Social welfare, in the form of cash transfers, may appear to compete for the same funding, but its effects are complementary. It is by combining these two programs – social support for the most vulnerable, productive support for poor farmers – that Malawi could better respond to the diverse needs of its population', 'Mathilde Douillet,  (2013),  Food security: reviving agricultural production                or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi .', 'Mathilde Douillet, ,  Food security: reviving agricultural production                or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi (2013).', 'Mathilde Douillet,  (2013),  Food security: reviving agricultural production                or ensuring social welfare? The example of Malawi .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(459, 'WHAT KIND OF AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES LEAD TO BROAD-BASED GROWTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRY-LED AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS', ' T.S. Jayne and Duncan Boughton', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '95486', '21 May 2021', 'Country-led agricultural\r\ninvestment programs are a key mechanism for\r\nachieving the goals of the Feed the Future\r\n(FTF) strategy. The FTF strategy recognizes\r\nthat agricultural growth must be inclusive to\r\nachieve poverty reduction and improved food\r\nsecurity and nutrition outcomes.\r\nSmallholder-led structural transformation is\r\nconsidered by most development economists\r\nto be the major pathway from a semisubsistence\r\nagrarian society to a more\r\nprosperous, food secure, and diversified\r\neconomy. Johnston and Kilby (1975) and\r\nMellor (1976) first documented the structural\r\ntransformation process in the regions of Asia\r\nwhere the Green Revolution later bloomed.\r\nThe structural transformation process starts\r\nwith broad-based agricultural growth, causing\r\na build-up of purchasing power by millions of\r\nsmall farmers. These millions of farmers\r\nsubsequently spend and re-cycle more money\r\nthrough the economy, igniting demand and\r\nemployment growth in non-farm sectors,\r\nwhich in turn increases the demand for food\r\nand other farm products in a virtuous cycle in\r\nwhich the rural and urban labor forces provide\r\na market for each other. As the demand for\r\nfood and fiber products grows, private\r\ninvestment flows into the storage, transport,\r\nprocessing, and retailing stages of commodity\r\nvalue chains, further expanding employment\r\nand diversifying the economy. Over time,\r\nbroad-based income growth causes the share\r\nof food in overall consumption to fall, leaving\r\nincreased disposable income to fuel the\r\ndevelopment of non-farm sectors. As the\r\ndemand for non-farm goods and services rise,\r\nthe labor force responds by shifting gradually\r\nfrom the farm to non-farm sectors, the demand\r\nfor education and job skills rises, and the\r\neconomy becomes increasingly diversified and\r\nurban. Rural households are pulled off the\r\nfarm into viable non-farm activities, not\r\npushed into low-paying desperation jobs in the\r\ntowns due to poor prospects in agriculture.\r\nThe starting point of structural transformation\r\nis broad-based smallholder-led agricultural\r\ngrowth and commercialization. Mellor,\r\nJohnston and others clearly documented that\r\n“inclusive agricultural development” in Green\r\nRevolution Asia was crucial to structural\r\ntransformation and poverty reduction. They\r\ncontrasted the Asian experience with parts of\r\nLatin America, which also achieved\r\nagricultural growth, but not in an inclusive\r\nway. Latifundia estates expanded production\r\nimpressively in many cases while millions of\r\nsmall peasant farms remained mired in\r\npoverty. A major lesson for Africa from these\r\ncontrasting experiences of smallholder-led\r\nAsia and estate-led Latin America is that if we\r\nwant growth to be inclusive it must address\r\nissues of rural poverty. And if we want\r\nagricultural growth to reduce poverty, it must\r\nbe inclusive. For these reasons, there is no real\r\nalternative to a smallholder-led agricultural\r\ndevelopment strategy.', ' T.S. Jayne and Duncan Boughton (2011), WHAT KIND OF AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES LEAD TO BROAD-BASED GROWTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRY-LED AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS.', ' T.S. Jayne and Duncan Boughton, WHAT KIND OF AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES LEAD TO BROAD-BASED GROWTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRY-LED AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS(2011).', ' T.S. Jayne and Duncan Boughton (2011), WHAT KIND OF AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES LEAD TO BROAD-BASED GROWTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRY-LED AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(460, 'REPORT ON THE SALT PROBLEMS IN LOWER SHIRE REGION, MALAWI.', 'Kristin Opsal', '2007', 'Dissertations', '', '64499', '21 May 2021', 'Lower Shire region in southern Malawi. One of the main problems in this region seems to be salt related problems. Particularly high concentrations of sodium and chloride have been reported for the groundwater in Lover Shire Valley, both as a result of evaporation and dissolution of evaporite minerals. High salinity is problematic because alternative water sources are not readily available. Soil erosion in Malawi is one of the major types of land degradation that poses the biggest threat to sustainable agriculture. Climate change is affecting the water sources in Malawi. With increased frequency and magnitude of floods, groundwater recharge may increase. This is particular a case in semi-arid and arid areas like Lower Shire region, where heavy rainfall and floods are the major sources of groundwater recharge. This paper demonstrates that there are several challenges in the Lower Shire region that require attention. There also is a need for better understanding of the processes leading to salt problems.\r\nKeywords: Salinisation, groundwater, climate change consequences, Lower Shire region, Malawi.', 'Kristin Opsal (2007), REPORT ON THE SALT PROBLEMS IN LOWER SHIRE REGION, MALAWI..', 'Kristin Opsal, REPORT ON THE SALT PROBLEMS IN LOWER SHIRE REGION, MALAWI.(2007).', 'Kristin Opsal (2007), REPORT ON THE SALT PROBLEMS IN LOWER SHIRE REGION, MALAWI..', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(461, 'AccesstoTuberculosisServicesforIndividuals withDisabilityinRuralMalawi,aQualitative Study', 'LisbetGrut1,LifahSanudi2,StineHellumBraathen1,ThomasJürgens3,ArneH.Eide1', '2015', 'Corporate Reports', '', '26528', '21 May 2021', 'Tuberculosisoccursinallpopulations,butwithhigherprevalenceinpoorcontexts.Vulnerablegroups,includingindividualswithdisability,runaparticularriskduetopooreraccessto informationandhealthservices.Studyingaccesstotuberculosisservicesforvulnerable groupsinpoorcontextsmayprovideusefulinsightintothequalityofsuchservicesinlow-incomecontexts.Thisarticle aimstopresentacontextualunderstandingofaccesstotuberculosisservicesforpeoplewithdisabilitiesinonedistrictinsouthernMalawi.Aqualitative methodwithsemi-structuredinterviewsandsiteobservationswasapplied.Inall,89participantswereinterviewed:47personswithdisability,11parents/guardiansofyouthswithdisability,andtheremaining31comprisingeighthealthworkers, fourcommunityrehabilitation assistantsandvolunteers, and19leadersinthecommunity.Ourmainfindingsarethatlack ofinformationandknowledge,andconsiderableconfusionrelatedtotuberculosis,itscause andhowtoprotectoneself,aremajorbarriertoaccessingservices.Diseaseawareness andpersonalriskperceptionarekeyfactorsinthisregard.Furtherfindingsconcernsthe pathwaystotuberculosisrelatedhealthservices,inparticularhavingatestandcompleting thetreatment.Thecombinationoflackofknowledgeandbarriersinaccessingtestsimplies substantialavailabilityandaccessproblems.Itisofimportancetounderstandthecombined impactofindividual,social,contextual,andsystemsbarrierstofullyaddressthecomplexity ofaccessingtuberculosisservicesforvulnerablegroupsinpoorpopulations.Lackofdisabilityspecificstrategiesinthelocalhealthservicesmaybepartofthereasonwhyindividualswithdisabilitytonotaccesssuchservices', 'LisbetGrut1,LifahSanudi2,StineHellumBraathen1,ThomasJürgens3,ArneH.Eide1 (2015), AccesstoTuberculosisServicesforIndividuals withDisabilityinRuralMalawi,aQualitative Study.', 'LisbetGrut1,LifahSanudi2,StineHellumBraathen1,ThomasJürgens3,ArneH.Eide1, AccesstoTuberculosisServicesforIndividuals withDisabilityinRuralMalawi,aQualitative Study(2015).', 'LisbetGrut1,LifahSanudi2,StineHellumBraathen1,ThomasJürgens3,ArneH.Eide1 (2015), AccesstoTuberculosisServicesforIndividuals withDisabilityinRuralMalawi,aQualitative Study.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(463, 'Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi', 'Rudolf Nkhata, Charles Jumbe, and Mannex Mwabumba', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '14333', '21 May 2021', 'The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of irrigation on household food security and poverty using a case study of Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi. Data used in the analysis were collected from 412 households – 169 participants in the irrigation scheme and 243 non-participants. Due to the non-random selection of participants into the irrigation scheme, the study used endogenous switching regression to correct for sample selection bias. Propensity score matching was then used to measure the impact of irrigation on food security and poverty. Daily per capita caloric intake and agricultural income were the proxy measures used to measure food security and poverty, respectively. Despite farm-ers selling paddy rice at the farm gate on an individual basis and operating in an environment with inadequate water sup-ply, the findings revealed that irrigation had a positive impact on annual agricultural income and daily per capita caloric intake. The impact of irrigation on household annual agricultural income was different among the participants, with those cultivating both rice and maize under irrigation earning more agricultural income than their counterparts growing rice only. The results also showed a positive impact of irrigation on daily per capita caloric intake, with both groups of irrigat-ing farmers realizing similar improved levels of caloric intake over farmers that did not participate in the irrigation scheme. In addition, traditionally marginalized groups – households headed by youth, female-headed households, and low-in-come households – earned more agricultural income than what they would have earned if they did not participate in the irrigation scheme. The recommendations from the study are that irrigation interventions should be up scaled to other ar-eas with potential irrigable land and should promote the growing of more than one crop. In addition, irrigation schemes should promote bulk marketing of processed rice through contract relationships with institutions (i.e. schools, prisons, hospitals) and private traders.', 'Rudolf Nkhata, Charles Jumbe, and Mannex Mwabumba (2014), Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi.', 'Rudolf Nkhata, Charles Jumbe, and Mannex Mwabumba, Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi(2014).', 'Rudolf Nkhata, Charles Jumbe, and Mannex Mwabumba (2014), Does irrigation have an impact on food security and poverty? Evidence from Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(464, 'Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships ', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA ', '2006', 'Corporate Reports', '', '39816', '21 May 2021', 'Most economies in sub-Saharan Africa are based on agriculture. Sluggish growth in agricultural \r\nproduction translates into slow growth and low per capita incomes (ASARECA, 2005).  In eastern \r\nand southern Africa, national average yields of maize (the main staple) are about 1.5 tons per ha \r\ncompared with a global average of 4.5 tons per ha (ASARECA, 2005).  This can be partly \r\nattributed to limited development of commercial seed markets: less than 10% of the seed planted is \r\npurchased from the formal market (Rohrbach et al; 2003).  Seed markets in the region are small \r\nand highly fragmented; with closed national markets dominated by a few international companies \r\nand parastatals, and restrictive laws, regulations and policies. As a result, many released varieties \r\nhave never been widely disseminated. ', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA  (2006), Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships .', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA , Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships (2006).', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA  (2006), Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(465, 'Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships ', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA ', '2006', 'Corporate Reports', '', '79009', '21 May 2021', 'Most economies in sub-Saharan Africa are based on agriculture. Sluggish growth in agricultural \r\nproduction translates into slow growth and low per capita incomes (ASARECA, 2005).  In eastern \r\nand southern Africa, national average yields of maize (the main staple) are about 1.5 tons per ha \r\ncompared with a global average of 4.5 tons per ha (ASARECA, 2005).  This can be partly \r\nattributed to limited development of commercial seed markets: less than 10% of the seed planted is \r\npurchased from the formal market (Rohrbach et al; 2003).  Seed markets in the region are small \r\nand highly fragmented; with closed national markets dominated by a few international companies \r\nand parastatals, and restrictive laws, regulations and policies. As a result, many released varieties \r\nhave never been widely disseminated. ', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA  (2006), Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships .', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA , Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships (2006).', 'I. MINDE M. WAITHAKA  (2006), Rationalization and Harmonization of Seed Policies and Regulations in Eastern and Central Africa: Effecting Policy Change through Private Public Partnerships .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(466, 'Poverty, Food Security and Agricultural Trends in Southern Africa', 'The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) is an Africa-wide network that provides analysis, data, and tools to promote evidence-based decision making, improve awareness of', '2007', 'Corporate Reports', '', '68822', '21 May 2021', 'The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) is an Africa-wide network that provides analysis, data, and tools to promote evidence-based decision making, improve awareness of the role of agriculture for development in Africa, fill knowledge gaps, promote dialogue and facilitate the benchmarking and review processes associated with the AU/NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and other regional agricultural development initiatives in Africa.\r\nAbout the Working Paper series\r\nThe goal of the ReSAKSS Working Paper series is to provide timely access to preliminary research and data analysis results that relate directly to strengthening ongoing discussions and critical commentaries on the future direction of African agriculture and rural development. The series undergoes a standard peer review process involving at least one reviewer from within the ReSAKSS network of partners and at least one external reviewer. It is expected that most of the working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may be revised further', 'The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) is an Africa-wide network that provides analysis, data, and tools to promote evidence-based decision making, improve awareness of the role of agriculture for development in Africa, fill knowledge gaps, promote dialogue and facilitate the benchmarking and review processes associated with the AU/NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and other regional agricultural development initiatives in Africa. About the Working Paper series The goal of the ReSAKSS Working Paper series is to provide timely access to preliminary research and data analysis results that relate directly to strengthening ongoing discussions and critical commentaries on the future direction of African agriculture and rural development. The series undergoes a standard peer review process involving at least one reviewer from within the ReSAKSS network of partners and at least one external reviewer. It is expected that most of the working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may be revised further (2007), Poverty, Food Security and Agricultural Trends in Southern Africa.', 'The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) is an Africa-wide network that provides analysis, data, and tools to promote evidence-based decision making, improve awareness of the role of agriculture for development in Africa, fill knowledge gaps, promote dialogue and facilitate the benchmarking and review processes associated with the AU/NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and other regional agricultural development initiatives in Africa. About the Working Paper series The goal of the ReSAKSS Working Paper series is to provide timely access to preliminary research and data analysis results that relate directly to strengthening ongoing discussions and critical commentaries on the future direction of African agriculture and rural development. The series undergoes a standard peer review process involving at least one reviewer from within the ReSAKSS network of partners and at least one external reviewer. It is expected that most of the working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may be revised further, Poverty, Food Security and Agricultural Trends in Southern Africa(2007).', 'The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) is an Africa-wide network that provides analysis, data, and tools to promote evidence-based decision making, improve awareness of the role of agriculture for development in Africa, fill knowledge gaps, promote dialogue and facilitate the benchmarking and review processes associated with the AU/NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and other regional agricultural development initiatives in Africa. About the Working Paper series The goal of the ReSAKSS Working Paper series is to provide timely access to preliminary research and data analysis results that relate directly to strengthening ongoing discussions and critical commentaries on the future direction of African agriculture and rural development. The series undergoes a standard peer review process involving at least one reviewer from within the ReSAKSS network of partners and at least one external reviewer. It is expected that most of the working papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their content may be revised further (2007), Poverty, Food Security and Agricultural Trends in Southern Africa.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(467, 'Modeling Potential Impacts of Future Climate Change in Mzimba District, Malawi, 2040 2070', 'Chibwana Gama, Lawrence D. Mapemba, Patricia Masikat, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Olivier Crespo, and Elizabeth Bandason', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '72693', '21 May 2021', 'Historical data in Malawi indicates there has been climate change in the past and that farmer households have been affected. Climate models predict further changes in precipitation and temperature over Malawi in the future. However, most studies to understand the impacts of climate change in Malawi have focused on ex post assessments of weather events. Planning for future adaptations by Malawian farmers to a changed climate will require acknowledging that future climate patterns may deviate significantly from historical climate patterns. Little research has been done to assess ex ante (future) climate change and its potential impacts on and implications for farmer productivity, incomes, and poverty. This study investigates possible climate change patterns over the period 2040 to 2070 in order to assess the potential economic impacts for crop-livestock integrating and non-integrating farmers in Mzimba district in northern Malawi. Thirty year historical climate data were used with 20 Global Circulation Models (GCM) to generate plausible future climates. Future maize yields then were simulated using the APSIM crop model. The Trade-Off Analysis model for Multi-Dimensional Impact Assessment (TOA-MD) framework was used with the crop model results for economic analysis.\r\nResults indicate that over the period 2040 to 2070 Mzimba district, relative to the present, will be warmer by be-tween 1°C and 3°C and slightly drier by 1.1 percent, but with considerable uncertainty in the GCM models. Maize produc-tivity is expected to increase by between 10 and 15 percent. On aggregate, 56 percent of farmers will register productivity gains – 55 percent of crop-livestock integrating farmers and 57 percent of non-integrating farmers. Mean net returns per hectare are expected to be higher among integrating farmers. Incomes per capita are predicted to increase by 5.2 percent – by 5.3 percent among integrating and by 5.1 percent among non-integrating farmers. Income-based poverty is predicted to decline by 4 percent – by 6 percent among integrating and by 2 percent among non-integrating farmers. The study recommends that in order to enable farmers in Mzimba to more effectively adapt to the changing climate, investment is needed in research to develop heat-tolerant maize varieties, and efforts should be made to enhance sustainable agricul-tural intensification, including crop-livestock integration.', 'Chibwana Gama, Lawrence D. Mapemba, Patricia Masikat, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Olivier Crespo, and Elizabeth Bandason (2014), Modeling Potential Impacts of Future Climate Change in Mzimba District, Malawi, 2040 2070.', 'Chibwana Gama, Lawrence D. Mapemba, Patricia Masikat, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Olivier Crespo, and Elizabeth Bandason, Modeling Potential Impacts of Future Climate Change in Mzimba District, Malawi, 2040 2070(2014).', 'Chibwana Gama, Lawrence D. Mapemba, Patricia Masikat, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Olivier Crespo, and Elizabeth Bandason (2014), Modeling Potential Impacts of Future Climate Change in Mzimba District, Malawi, 2040 2070.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(468, 'Food Price Volatility over the Last Decade in Niger and Malawi: Extent, Sources and Impact on Child Malnutrition ', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 ', '2012', 'Corporate Reports', '', '23611', '21 May 2021', ' Recently, considerable attention has rightly been paid to the nutritional impact of the sharp hikes in international food prices which took place in 2007-8 and, again, in 2010-11. While sacrosanct, this growing focus has somewhat obscured the effect of other factors which do affect malnutrition in the Sub-Saharan Africa context, i.e. the long term impact of agricultural policies, huge and persistent seasonal variation in domestic food prices, and the impact of famines which still regularly stalk the continent. This paper focuses on the relative weight of these factors in explaining child malnutrition (proxied by the number of child admissions to feeding centers) in Malawi and Niger, two prototypical countries in the region. The analysis shows that the drivers of domestic food staple prices and of the ensuing child malnutrition have to be found not only – or not primarily – in the changes of international food prices but mainly in the impact of agricultural policies on food production, the persistence of a strong food price seasonality, and recurrent and often poorly attended famines. Indeed, even during years of declines in international food prices, these factors often exert a huge upward pressures on domestic food prices and child malnutrition. ', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2012), Food Price Volatility over the Last Decade in Niger and Malawi: Extent, Sources and Impact on Child Malnutrition .', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 , Food Price Volatility over the Last Decade in Niger and Malawi: Extent, Sources and Impact on Child Malnutrition (2012).', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2012), Food Price Volatility over the Last Decade in Niger and Malawi: Extent, Sources and Impact on Child Malnutrition .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(469, 'Publications and presentations of Professor Dr. Manfred Zeller    University of Hohenheim  Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (HansRuthenberg-Institute) (490)  Chair of Rural Developmen', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 ', '2017', 'Public Reports', '', '91191', '21 May 2021', '1. Author or editor of scientific books and research reports \r\n1) Tscharntke, T., Leuschner, C., Zeller, M., Guhardja, E., & Bidin, A. (Eds.), (2007). The stability of tropical rainforest margins: Linking ecological, economic and social constraints of land use and conservation. Environmental Science Series. Berlin', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2017), Publications and presentations of Professor Dr. Manfred Zeller    University of Hohenheim  Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (HansRuthenberg-Institute) (490)  Chair of Rural Development Theory and Policy (490a.', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 , Publications and presentations of Professor Dr. Manfred Zeller    University of Hohenheim  Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (HansRuthenberg-Institute) (490)  Chair of Rural Development Theory and Policy (490a(2017).', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2017), Publications and presentations of Professor Dr. Manfred Zeller    University of Hohenheim  Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (HansRuthenberg-Institute) (490)  Chair of Rural Development Theory and Policy (490a.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(470, 'IS MALAWI’S MIX OF MAIZE MARKET POLICIES ULTIMATELY HARMING FOOD SECURITY? ', ' KARL PAUW & BRENT EDELMAN', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '57313', '21 May 2021', 'High levels of poverty and food insecurity combined with weak food markets have prompted many African govern-ments for political and socioeconomic reasons to assume the responsibility of ensuring adequate domestic food supply at reasonable prices. Malawi is no different, with significant government intervention in the maize market on both the production and marketing sides. Interventions include providing farm input subsidies and recommending minimum farm gate prices to encourage maize production; supporting a grain marketing board and a national food reserve agency to stabilize maize prices and provide emergency food assistance; and controlling international maize trade, mainly through restrictions on maize exports. This note explores the effects of government intervention in Malawi’s maize market, and proposes medium- to long-term policy guidelines that will improve the functioning of these interventions. These considerations are timely as Malawi attempts to transform its agricultural sector into a more commercial and outward-oriented one.', ' KARL PAUW & BRENT EDELMAN (2015), IS MALAWI’S MIX OF MAIZE MARKET POLICIES ULTIMATELY HARMING FOOD SECURITY? .', ' KARL PAUW & BRENT EDELMAN, IS MALAWI’S MIX OF MAIZE MARKET POLICIES ULTIMATELY HARMING FOOD SECURITY? (2015).', ' KARL PAUW & BRENT EDELMAN (2015), IS MALAWI’S MIX OF MAIZE MARKET POLICIES ULTIMATELY HARMING FOOD SECURITY? .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(471, 'A cross-country summary of fertilizer subsidy programs in Sub-Saharan Africa', 'Smale, M. and V. Theriault', '2019', 'Public Reports', '', '58902', '21 May 2021', 'Both supply and demand constraints have long hindered the emergence of viable fertilizer markets in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since nearly all fertilizer is imported, the cost of fertilizer is dependent on transport costs, and landlocked countries such as Mali are particularly disadvantaged with respect to this bulky input. Transport and logistics costs in Africa have been found to be three to four times higher than they are in the US, explaining the fact that in general farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa pay at least double the price for fertilizer relative to farmers in Asia and the US (Heisey and Norton, 2007; Morris et al., 2007). The marked seasonality of demand for fertilizer in rainfed systems and the bulkiness of the product lead to relatively slow stock turnover, considerable storage requirements, and high finance charges, resulting in risk for distributors and dealers. On the demand side, high cost, combined with low agronomic efficiency, has made the use of inorganic fertilizers unprofitable for many farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Much greater agronomic efficiency in fertilizer use is likely to be necessary in order to generate the incentives for sustainable increases in fertilizer demand. This problem is indicated by relatively low response rates to fertilizer estimated for maize across the continent (e.g., summary in Jayne et al. 2018 for maize in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia and Ethiopia; Morris et al. (2007) for maize and other crops for the continent as a whole; for dryland cereals in Mali, Haider et al. 2018; for maize in Burkina Faso, Theriault et al. 2018a).\r\nConfronted with such challenges, it is not surprising that most policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa followed policies pursued in Asia and chose primarily state-led approaches from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s. Strategies to promote fertilizer use included government programs that supplied inputs with subsidized credit programs that linked inputs to outputs, large-scale demonstration programs such as Sasakawa Global-2000, and state-owned company models like those developed for export crops like cotton in Mali. Fiscal crises and donor pressures under structural adjustment eventually ended subsidies in a number of countries beginning in the late 1980s through the early 1990s.\r\nBy the early 2000s, the urgency of arresting soil nutrient mining combined with rising fertilizer and food prices once again stimulated interest in ways to raise fertilizer use. Input subsidy programs were re-introduced under a new, “smart” guise (Morris et al., 2007; World Bank, 2007; Minde et al. 2008; Dorward 2009). Noting then that there is no universally applicable “recipe” for a successful fertilizer promotion strategy, Morris et al. (2007) proposed guiding principles based on “recurring lessons” from previous experience. Generally adopted by the World Bank, these core principles require that subsidies be 1) focused to encourage incremental use by farmers who do not already use them; 2) market-supporting (not displacing of existing sales) in order to encourage the development of the private sector; 3) part of a broader development strategy, thereby avoiding the substitution of a subsidy for other public investments; and 4) temporary.', 'Smale, M. and V. Theriault (2019), A cross-country summary of fertilizer subsidy programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.', 'Smale, M. and V. Theriault, A cross-country summary of fertilizer subsidy programs in Sub-Saharan Africa(2019).', 'Smale, M. and V. Theriault (2019), A cross-country summary of fertilizer subsidy programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(472, 'Drought resilience of maize-legume agroforestry systems in Malawi  ', 'Amber Catherine Kerr ', '2012', 'Government Reports', '', '43276', '21 May 2021', 'Agroforestry – the practice of growing trees and crops on the same land – has recently been suggested as a potential tool for adaptation to climate change. There are many mechanisms by which trees on farmland could help to ameliorate climatic stresses: moderation of microclimate, increased soil water-holding capacity, increased infiltration, reduced runoff, complementary use of water resources, and diversification of production risk. However, these benefits remain largely speculative, with very few controlled experiments to demonstrate them. Furthermore, little is known about how agroforestry systems themselves might be adversely affected by climatic stress, especially during the vulnerable stage of seedling establishment. ', 'Amber Catherine Kerr  (2012), Drought resilience of maize-legume agroforestry systems in Malawi  .', 'Amber Catherine Kerr , Drought resilience of maize-legume agroforestry systems in Malawi  (2012).', 'Amber Catherine Kerr  (2012), Drought resilience of maize-legume agroforestry systems in Malawi  .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(473, 'Projected Farm Income Gains in the COMESA/ ASARECA Region from Commercialization of Bt Maize', 'Robert Paarlberg David Wafula Isaac Minde Judi W. Wakhungu', '2006', 'Public Reports', '', '73733', '21 May 2021', 'The Regional Approach to Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy in Eastern and Southern Africa (the RABESA initiative) is a project that was initiated and endorsed by the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) in 2003. RABESA was designed to examine the potential ramifications of GMOs on trade, food security and access to emergency food aid in the COMESA and ASARECA countries.\r\n', 'Robert Paarlberg David Wafula Isaac Minde Judi W. Wakhungu (2006), Projected Farm Income Gains in the COMESA/ ASARECA Region from Commercialization of Bt Maize.', 'Robert Paarlberg David Wafula Isaac Minde Judi W. Wakhungu, Projected Farm Income Gains in the COMESA/ ASARECA Region from Commercialization of Bt Maize(2006).', 'Robert Paarlberg David Wafula Isaac Minde Judi W. Wakhungu (2006), Projected Farm Income Gains in the COMESA/ ASARECA Region from Commercialization of Bt Maize.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(475, 'Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi: Past Performance and Recent Trends', 'Ephraim W. Chirwa, Ian Kumwenda, Charles Jumbe, Pius Chilonda and Isaac Minde', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '60712', '21 May 2021', 'This paper reviews the link between agricultural growth and poverty reduction in Malawi. The\r\ncontribution of the agriculture sector in Malawi has been fairly stable over time, accounting for\r\nmore than one-third of gross domestic product. However, the performance has been mixed in terms\r\nof growth rates, with more growth witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s and erratic growth rates in\r\nsubsequent periods. The analysis also shows no significant link between the growth in the agricultural\r\nsector and indicators of poverty such as malnutrition rates and poverty head count ratio. The\r\ndisappointing performance of the agriculture sector can be attributed to many factors including\r\ndeclining farm productivity, rain-fed nature of cultivation and associated exogenous shocks, thin\r\nagricultural markets, policy reversals and associated uncertainties, and declining public investments\r\nin the agricultural sector. In order to revive the agricultural sector, the study recommends policies\r\ntowards greater commercialization, revitalization of extension services and increased investments\r\nin marketing systems, rural infrastructure and irrigation development.', 'Ephraim W. Chirwa, Ian Kumwenda, Charles Jumbe, Pius Chilonda and Isaac Minde (2008), Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi: Past Performance and Recent Trends.', 'Ephraim W. Chirwa, Ian Kumwenda, Charles Jumbe, Pius Chilonda and Isaac Minde, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi: Past Performance and Recent Trends(2008).', 'Ephraim W. Chirwa, Ian Kumwenda, Charles Jumbe, Pius Chilonda and Isaac Minde (2008), Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi: Past Performance and Recent Trends.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(476, 'The Cost-Effectiveness of Social Transfers', '', '2008', 'Magazines', '', '69695', '21 May 2021', 'What is RHVP? The Regional Hunger and Vulnerability Programme (RHVP) supports improvements in policy and programme approaches to hunger and vulnerability in southern Africa with particular emphasis on the role of social protection.\r\n', ' (2008), The Cost-Effectiveness of Social Transfers.', ', The Cost-Effectiveness of Social Transfers(2008).', ' (2008), The Cost-Effectiveness of Social Transfers.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(477, 'Reclaiming Policy Space: Lessons from Malawi’s 2005/2006 Fertilizer Subsidy Programme ', 'Blessings Chinsinga ', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '55173', '21 May 2021', 'This paper is based on research work carried out the under auspices of the Politics and Policy Processes theme of the Future Agricultures Consortium (FAC). It demonstrates that political context matters in agricultural development policy issues, using as illustration the case of the fertilizer subsidy programme (FSP) launched in Malawi in the 2005/2006 growing season. This case study was chosen due to the widely orchestrated narratives of success surrounding the fertilizer subsidy story, particularly from the government and various sections of the society at large. Narratives of success are debited to the government’s determination to implement the programme despite strong resistance from certain donors, private sector captains and a wide array of technical experts which ended the country’s persistent failure to produce ', 'Blessings Chinsinga  (2007), Reclaiming Policy Space: Lessons from Malawi’s 2005/2006 Fertilizer Subsidy Programme .', 'Blessings Chinsinga , Reclaiming Policy Space: Lessons from Malawi’s 2005/2006 Fertilizer Subsidy Programme (2007).', 'Blessings Chinsinga  (2007), Reclaiming Policy Space: Lessons from Malawi’s 2005/2006 Fertilizer Subsidy Programme .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(478, 'Road Map towards the Malabo Declaration: A Case for Open Borders', 'Prepared by the Regional Network of Agricultural Policy Institute (ReNAPRI)', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '54863', '21 May 2021', 'The recent Malabo Declaration adopted at the African\r\nUnion (AU) includes an ambitious and promising recommitment\r\n“to fast-track the establishment of the\r\ncontinental free trade area (CFTA), and the action plan\r\nfor boosting intra-African Trade (BIAT)” (AU 2014). The\r\nintended aim is to triple intra-African trade by\r\nencouraging transparent and regulated policies that\r\nstrengthen existing trade partnerships, foster long-term\r\ninvestment, and ensure continental food security.', 'Prepared by the Regional Network of Agricultural Policy Institute (ReNAPRI) (2014), Road Map towards the Malabo Declaration: A Case for Open Borders.', 'Prepared by the Regional Network of Agricultural Policy Institute (ReNAPRI), Road Map towards the Malabo Declaration: A Case for Open Borders(2014).', 'Prepared by the Regional Network of Agricultural Policy Institute (ReNAPRI) (2014), Road Map towards the Malabo Declaration: A Case for Open Borders.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(479, 'Social Protection and Labour Markets in Malawi: the Centrality of Agriculture', 'Andrew Charman', 'Unknown', 'Public Reports', '', '91035', '21 May 2021', 'Malawi is a least developed country (LDC) with a predominantly rural population engaged in\r\nagriculture. The agricultural economy is dominated by small-scale farms (tended by people\r\nknown as ‘smallholders’) that produce commodity crops (mainly tobacco, coffee and cotton)\r\nand food for subsistence (maize, pulses, roots and tubers). Most smallholders cultivate less than\r\none hectare. Poverty is deep and widespread across the land. As a result of their weak asset base,\r\nlow technology adoption, limited land and labour constraints, the majority of rural households\r\nare highly vulnerable to shocks, whether generalized (such as drought) or household-specific\r\n(such as death). This weak resilience has hindered the ability of smallholders to move out of\r\npoverty and of the country to develop rapidly. Despite these structural impediments, there is now\r\nquantifiable evidence that measures intended to reduce smallholder vulnerability have begun to\r\npay off, resulting in a decline in relative and absolute poverty. The benefit seemingly extends\r\nto all strata of poor people in Malawi, in urban and rural areas. Strengthening small farms has\r\ncontributed towards rapid economic growth within the agricultural sector and broader economy,\r\nwhile at the household level it has led to improved food security as well as asset accumulation\r\n(cash, livestock and durable goods).', 'Andrew Charman (Unknown), Social Protection and Labour Markets in Malawi: the Centrality of Agriculture.', 'Andrew Charman, Social Protection and Labour Markets in Malawi: the Centrality of Agriculture(Unknown).', 'Andrew Charman (Unknown), Social Protection and Labour Markets in Malawi: the Centrality of Agriculture.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(480, 'Food Price Inflation and Child Health: An Investigation into the Short-Run Effects of the 2002 Food Crisis on the Health Status of Children in Malawi ', 'Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (supervisor) Dr Robert Sparrow (reader) ', '2008', 'Dissertations', '', '54644', '21 May 2021', 'Special thanks to Michael Grimm for his guidance and support throughout the research process. I thank Robert Sparrow and Arjun Bedi for stimulating comments and discussions on earlier versions of this paper. My thanks also to Sam Chimwaza, Shelton Kanyanda and Charles Chakanza from FEWSNET and the NSO for providing the necessary data.   ', 'Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (supervisor) Dr Robert Sparrow (reader)  (2008), Food Price Inflation and Child Health: An Investigation into the Short-Run Effects of the 2002 Food Crisis on the Health Status of Children in Malawi .', 'Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (supervisor) Dr Robert Sparrow (reader) , Food Price Inflation and Child Health: An Investigation into the Short-Run Effects of the 2002 Food Crisis on the Health Status of Children in Malawi (2008).', 'Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (supervisor) Dr Robert Sparrow (reader)  (2008), Food Price Inflation and Child Health: An Investigation into the Short-Run Effects of the 2002 Food Crisis on the Health Status of Children in Malawi .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(481, 'Maize grain and soil surveys reveal suboptimal dietary selenium intake is widespread in Malawi', 'Allan D. C. Chilimba, Scott D. Young, Colin R. Black, Katie B. Rogerson, E. Louise Ander, Michael J. Watts, Joachim Lammel & Martin R. Broadley', '2011', 'Journals', '', '67486', '21 May 2021', 'Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and livestock. A total of 25 genes encoding selenoproteins\r\nhave been identified in humans, including iodothyronine deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, glutathione\r\nperoxidases, and a range of other selenoproteins (e.g. SelP, SelM, SelT)1. These proteins have critical roles in\r\nthyroid functioning, cell proliferation and survival through redox homeostasis, antioxidant defence and the\r\nimmune response. When Se intake is suboptimal, the selenoprotein status of people decreases and there are\r\nincreased risks of adverse health effects. At extremely low Se intake levels (where habitual intakes for adults are\r\n,20 mg Se d21), clinical deficiency disorders have been reported including Keshan disease (a cardiomyopathy)\r\nand Kashin-Beck disease (an osteoarthropathy). Where habitual intakes for adults are less than those needed for\r\nmaximal expression of glutathione peroxidase, typically at least 40 mg Se d21, there is an increased risk of health\r\ndisorders, including cardiovascular disorders, impaired immune functions, and some cancers1. The relationships\r\nbetween Se intake, Se status in terms of selenoprotein expression and health outcomes have still to be fully\r\nresolved2,3. These uncertainties are reflected in the wide range of Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) levels in different\r\ncountries1. Some DRIs are set to reduce risks of overt deficiency (i.e. recommending intakes of ,40 mg Se d21),\r\nalthough most countries have recommended intake levels of 50–70 mg Se d21. As high habitual levels of Se intake\r\nare potentially toxic (.400–900 mg Se d21), care must be taken in setting DRIs and recommending dietary\r\nsupplementation.\r\nSelenium intake in human populations is derived primarily from dietary sources and can be determined from\r\ndirect dietary analyses or surveys and food composition tables. Reported Se intakes range from 3 to\r\n7000 mg Se d21 globally4 due to differing dietary preferences and the levels of plant available Se in the soil on\r\nwhich crops are grown for consumption1,4–7. Populations in many European countries and elsewhere have intakes\r\n,50 mg Se d21, which are likely to be suboptimal in terms of selenoprotein expression2. Higher dietary Se intake\r\nlevels (.150 mg Se d21) occur in Se-rich (seleniferous) environments (e.g. parts of China, India, North America,\r\nand Venezuela) and where seafood-based diets containing high concentrations of Se are prevalent (e.g. notably in\r\nparts of Greenland and Japan). Selenium intake from water and air is usually insignificant, except where environmental\r\nSe concentrations are high due to natural or anthropogenic factors.', 'Allan D. C. Chilimba, Scott D. Young, Colin R. Black, Katie B. Rogerson, E. Louise Ander, Michael J. Watts, Joachim Lammel & Martin R. Broadley (2011), Maize grain and soil surveys reveal suboptimal dietary selenium intake is widespread in Malawi.', 'Allan D. C. Chilimba, Scott D. Young, Colin R. Black, Katie B. Rogerson, E. Louise Ander, Michael J. Watts, Joachim Lammel & Martin R. Broadley, Maize grain and soil surveys reveal suboptimal dietary selenium intake is widespread in Malawi(2011).', 'Allan D. C. Chilimba, Scott D. Young, Colin R. Black, Katie B. Rogerson, E. Louise Ander, Michael J. Watts, Joachim Lammel & Martin R. Broadley (2011), Maize grain and soil surveys reveal suboptimal dietary selenium intake is widespread in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(482, 'Evidence of Demand for Index Insurance: Experimental Games and Commercial Transactions in Ethiopia', 'Michael Norton, Daniel Osgood, Malgosia Madajewicz, Eric Holthaus, Nicole Peterson, Mengesha Gebremichael, Conner Mullally and Tse-­‐Ling Teh', '2012', 'Journals', '', '42824', '21 May 2021', 'We\r\npresent\r\nthe\r\nresults\r\nof\r\na\r\nseries\r\nof\r\nexperimental\r\ngames\r\nwith\r\nsmallholder\r\nfarmers\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nTigray\r\nregion\r\nof\r\nEthiopia\r\nin\r\n2010.\r\nIn\r\nthe\r\ngames,\r\nparticipants\r\nwere\r\nasked\r\nto\r\nallocate\r\nmoney\r\nto\r\ndifferent\r\nrisk\r\nmanagement\r\noptions.\r\nOne\r\nof\r\nthe\r\noptions\r\nwas\r\ndrought\r\nindex\r\ninsurance\r\nthat\r\nwas\r\nidentical\r\nto\r\ncommercial\r\nproducts\r\nsold\r\nin\r\nthe\r\nregion.\r\nParticipants\r\nexhibited\r\na\r\nclear\r\npreference\r\nfor\r\nmore\r\naggressive\r\ninsurance\r\ncontracts\r\nwith\r\nhigher\r\nfrequency\r\npayouts,\r\nas\r\nwell\r\nas\r\na\r\npreference\r\nfor\r\nindex\r\ninsurance\r\nover\r\nother\r\nrisk\r\nmanagement\r\noptions,\r\nincluding\r\na\r\nsimulated\r\nsavings\r\naccount\r\nwith\r\nan\r\ninterest\r\nrate\r\nhigher\r\nthan\r\nlocal\r\nmarket\r\naverages.\r\nThe\r\npreference\r\nfor\r\nhigher\r\nfrequency\r\npayouts\r\nis\r\nmirrored\r\nin\r\nthe\r\ncommercial\r\nsales\r\nof\r\nthe\r\nproduct.\r\nThis\r\nevidence\r\nchallenges\r\nconcerns\r\nthat\r\nthe\r\nvery\r\npoor\r\nuniversally\r\nchoose\r\nto\r\npurchase\r\nminimal\r\nindex\r\ninsurance\r\ncoverage\r\nand\r\nsupports\r\nclaims\r\nthat\r\ninsurance\r\ndemand\r\nmay\r\noutpace\r\nthe\r\nsupply\r\nof\r\nresponsible\r\ninsurance\r\nproducts.1\r\nKeywords:\r\nmicroinsurance,\r\nindex\r\ninsurance,\r\nclimate\r\nrisk,\r\nclimate\r\nadaptation', 'Michael Norton, Daniel Osgood, Malgosia Madajewicz, Eric Holthaus, Nicole Peterson, Mengesha Gebremichael, Conner Mullally and Tse-­‐Ling Teh (2012), Evidence of Demand for Index Insurance: Experimental Games and Commercial Transactions in Ethiopia.', 'Michael Norton, Daniel Osgood, Malgosia Madajewicz, Eric Holthaus, Nicole Peterson, Mengesha Gebremichael, Conner Mullally and Tse-­‐Ling Teh, Evidence of Demand for Index Insurance: Experimental Games and Commercial Transactions in Ethiopia(2012).', 'Michael Norton, Daniel Osgood, Malgosia Madajewicz, Eric Holthaus, Nicole Peterson, Mengesha Gebremichael, Conner Mullally and Tse-­‐Ling Teh (2012), Evidence of Demand for Index Insurance: Experimental Games and Commercial Transactions in Ethiopia.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(483, 'Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra', '', 'Journals', '', '26389', '21 May 2021', 'Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence\r\nfarmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have\r\nemerged in recent years to address these threats: the use\r\nof seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for\r\nexample, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for\r\nexpected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative\r\nfinancial instruments for risk sharing (for example,\r\nindex-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit\r\nfor agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have\r\nremained entirely separated. This paper explores the\r\nintegration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot\r\ninsurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The\r\nauthors propose a model that adjusts the amount of highyield\r\nagricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season.\r\nSimulation results—combining climatic, agricultural,\r\nand financial models—indicate that this approach\r\nsubstantially increases production in La Niña years\r\n(when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and\r\nreduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall\r\noften damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are\r\nmore than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given\r\nmodeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of\r\nwealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for\r\nparticipating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential\r\nof this approach for adaptation to climate variability and\r\nchange in southern Africa.', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra (), Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi.', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra, Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi().', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra (), Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(484, 'Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa:   Current Issues and Empirical Evidence from  Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya ', 'Isaac Minde, T.S. Jayne, Eric Crawford, Joshua Ariga, and Jones Govereh ', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '54860', '21 May 2021', 'Background and objectives of the report It is generally agreed that increasing agricultural productivity is critical to stimulating the rate of economic growth in Africa. There are many important and often complementary determinants of agricultural productivity. In this paper, we focus on fertilizer, without intending to imply that it is the only or most significant productivity determinants. Other key factors are seed technology, adequate water availability, labor, agronomic and other farmer management practices, and choice of crops to grow', 'Isaac Minde, T.S. Jayne, Eric Crawford, Joshua Ariga, and Jones Govereh  (2008), Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa:   Current Issues and Empirical Evidence from  Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya .', 'Isaac Minde, T.S. Jayne, Eric Crawford, Joshua Ariga, and Jones Govereh , Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa:   Current Issues and Empirical Evidence from  Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya (2008).', 'Isaac Minde, T.S. Jayne, Eric Crawford, Joshua Ariga, and Jones Govereh  (2008), Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa:   Current Issues and Empirical Evidence from  Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(485, 'Policies for Redistribution: The Use of Taxes and Social Transfers', 'Naren Prasad', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '99011', '21 May 2021', 'Inequality can be addressed through a combination of social service provision, social\r\ntransfers and taxation. Looking at the past two decades, this paper examines the extent to which\r\ninequality has been affected by changes in national tax systems and government expenditure on\r\nsocial transfers. Using secondary data, this paper discusses the trends in the composition and\r\nlevels of social transfers and taxes, and explores how these trends relate to income inequality. It\r\nalso looks into the extent to which taxes and social transfers are effective in redistributing\r\nincome. And finally it shows how different government policy frameworks have been able to\r\nlimit growth in income inequality and at the same time foster economic growth and job creation.', 'Naren Prasad (2008), Policies for Redistribution: The Use of Taxes and Social Transfers.', 'Naren Prasad, Policies for Redistribution: The Use of Taxes and Social Transfers(2008).', 'Naren Prasad (2008), Policies for Redistribution: The Use of Taxes and Social Transfers.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(486, 'An evaluation of the use of participatory  processes in wide-scale dissemination of  research in micro dosing and conservation  agriculture in Zimbabwe ', 'Tarisayi Pedzisa, Isaac Minde and Stephen Twomlow ', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '18287', '21 May 2021', 'Participatory technology development has been used for quite some time. However, little is known about how farmers perceive participatory methods and processes. Understanding farmers’ concerns about the participatory process can be an important starting point and can further the ultimate aim of encouraging sustained technology adoption. An ex-post participatory technology development and transfer evaluation was carried out in Zimbabwe in 2006/07 involving 231 farmers. It was revealed that use of demonstration trials encouraged the greatest participation and subsequent adoption and adaptation of the technologies to suit specific needs. The participatory nature of the process encouraged greater knowledge-sharing among farmers and gave them more confidence in the technology. In order to increase the gains of the participatory process, feedback loops should be built in to allow improvements and modifications to be made to the techniques being promoted. ', 'Tarisayi Pedzisa, Isaac Minde and Stephen Twomlow  (2010), An evaluation of the use of participatory  processes in wide-scale dissemination of  research in micro dosing and conservation  agriculture in Zimbabwe .', 'Tarisayi Pedzisa, Isaac Minde and Stephen Twomlow , An evaluation of the use of participatory  processes in wide-scale dissemination of  research in micro dosing and conservation  agriculture in Zimbabwe (2010).', 'Tarisayi Pedzisa, Isaac Minde and Stephen Twomlow  (2010), An evaluation of the use of participatory  processes in wide-scale dissemination of  research in micro dosing and conservation  agriculture in Zimbabwe .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(487, 'Rising Global Food Prices – Policy Challenges and Options for Southern Africa', 'Isaac J. Minde1, Pius Chilonda2  and Hilmy Sally3 ', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '59990', '21 May 2021', 'T his paper considers the implications of rising prices of major food commodities in southern Africa. First, a global perspective on the phenomenon is provided, focusing on the key factors driving the upsurge in prices. Recent trends in food prices in a representative selection of southern African countries are then considered. Emerging evidence of poverty impacts is presented. The policy challenges and options facing the region’s governments are then discussed. Broad conclusions round out the analysis. The paper’s central argument is that appropriate policy responses to effects of rising food prices involve a mix of short-term social protection responses, long-term measures aimed at spurring agricultural productivity growth, and domestic and regionally conceived and implemented efforts to rationalize and strengthen the roles of public sectors in the region’s food economies', 'Isaac J. Minde1, Pius Chilonda2  and Hilmy Sally3  (2007), Rising Global Food Prices – Policy Challenges and Options for Southern Africa.', 'Isaac J. Minde1, Pius Chilonda2  and Hilmy Sally3 , Rising Global Food Prices – Policy Challenges and Options for Southern Africa(2007).', 'Isaac J. Minde1, Pius Chilonda2  and Hilmy Sally3  (2007), Rising Global Food Prices – Policy Challenges and Options for Southern Africa.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(488, 'Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world ', 'Robert Holzmann, World Bank', '2001', 'Public Reports', '', '63102', '21 May 2021', 'The paper outlines a forward-looking role of social protection against the background of increasing  concerns about risk and vulnerability, exemplified by the recent East Asian crisis, the concerns of the World Development Report (WDR) 2000, the need for a better understanding of poverty dynamics, and the opportunity and risks created by globalization.  These considerations and the need for a more proactive approach to lasting poverty reduction have led to the development of a new conceptual framework which casts social protection as social risk management.  The paper highlights the main elements of the new conceptual framework and its main strategic conclusions for attacking poverty before addressing crucial issues for its implementation:  The need for an operational definition of vulnerability; the use of social risk assessments as an operational entry point for a new policy dialogue; economic crisis management and the lessons for social protection; and the undertaking of social expenditure reviews to enhance the effectiveness of government intervention for addressing risk and vulnerability.  The pilot experience with some of these elements yields cautious optimism that a promising road for addressing poverty has been found', 'Robert Holzmann, World Bank (2001), Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world .', 'Robert Holzmann, World Bank, Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world (2001).', 'Robert Holzmann, World Bank (2001), Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(489, 'Responding to salinity in a rural African alluvial valley aquifer system: to boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply? ', 'Michael O. Rivett1,⁎, Laura Budimir1,  Nicholas Mannix1, Alexandra V.M. Miller1, Marc Addison1, Phideria Moyo2, Gift J. Wanangwa2, Owen L. Phiri2, Chrispine E. Songola3, Muthi Nhlema4, Mavuto A.S. Tho', '', 'Public Reports', '', '14270', '21 May 2021', 'Effective response to groundwater salinity in the developing world may critically safeguard drinking-water supplies. Groundwater resources throughout rural Africa are exploited by a vast and increasing number of hand-pumped boreholes for community supply. Our research in TA Ngabu (Shire Valley), Southern Malawi aims to: define groundwater-salinity problem occurrence within its semi-arid alluvial-valley aquifer setting and rural developing-world context; critique current capacity to respond; and, to discuss future response options - in particular considering the need to explore alternative options that boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply. Salinity problem definition was achieved through survey of 419 hand-pumped boreholes that revealed widespread brackish groundwater causing nonpotable (unpalatable) drinking-water supplies. Persistent non-functionality or abandonment of boreholes was typically ascribed to salinity. Whilst salinity is conceptualised to arise from shallow-groundwater evaporation, formation-evaporite dissolution and faulted-area upwelling, sparse data locally renders attribution of salinity sources to individual boreholes difficult. There is a significant need to better resolve the vertical distribution of salinity. Problem response capacity was hampered by multiple factors, including, sector inertia, low drilling costs compromising water-point integrity, and lack of technical vision for alternatives. Various recommendations are made to improve response capacity continuing to work at the hand-pump supply scale. However, in areas where salinity is significant, exploring the feasibility of other options is advocated in conjunction with technical capacity development. Groundwater options may utilise high borehole yields possible from alluvial aquifers, grossly under-exploited by hand pumps. Groundwater at depth, albeit of unknown quality typically, or pipeline transfers of probable good-quality groundwater from valley-margin units, should be considered. Surface-water pipeline supplies may be viable for (growing) population centres. Canal-fed irrigation schemes (pending for the area), should be multiple-use, protective of groundwater and embrace pipeline drinking-water supply and managed-aquifer-recharge opportunities. Advancing desalination technologies, although presently unaffordable, should be kept under review.   ', 'Michael O. Rivett1,⁎, Laura Budimir1,  Nicholas Mannix1, Alexandra V.M. Miller1, Marc Addison1, Phideria Moyo2, Gift J. Wanangwa2, Owen L. Phiri2, Chrispine E. Songola3, Muthi Nhlema4, Mavuto A.S. Thomas5, Reid T. Polmanteer1, 6, Amando Borge1, Robert M. Kalin1   (), Responding to salinity in a rural African alluvial valley aquifer system: to boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply? .', 'Michael O. Rivett1,⁎, Laura Budimir1,  Nicholas Mannix1, Alexandra V.M. Miller1, Marc Addison1, Phideria Moyo2, Gift J. Wanangwa2, Owen L. Phiri2, Chrispine E. Songola3, Muthi Nhlema4, Mavuto A.S. Thomas5, Reid T. Polmanteer1, 6, Amando Borge1, Robert M. Kalin1  , Responding to salinity in a rural African alluvial valley aquifer system: to boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply? ().', 'Michael O. Rivett1,⁎, Laura Budimir1,  Nicholas Mannix1, Alexandra V.M. Miller1, Marc Addison1, Phideria Moyo2, Gift J. Wanangwa2, Owen L. Phiri2, Chrispine E. Songola3, Muthi Nhlema4, Mavuto A.S. Thomas5, Reid T. Polmanteer1, 6, Amando Borge1, Robert M. Kalin1   (), Responding to salinity in a rural African alluvial valley aquifer system: to boldly go beyond the world of hand-pumped groundwater supply? .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(490, 'ANALYSIS OF BIO-RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN MALAWI ', ' Nagoli J.1,Valeta J.2  and Kapute F.3 ', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '78108', '21 May 2021', 'A bio-resource flow analysis using participatory resource mapping was conducted in Chingale Area, west of Zomba District in southern Malawi. The analysis was aimed at providing the basis for designing an integrated agriculture-aquaculture system that would optimize utilization of on-farm resources for a cost effective aquaculture production system. Results showed that Chingale has over 18 crop species and five animal species that have potential for integration into the farming system. However, only 33% of the sampled farmers were integrating over 5 species (both crop and animal species) in agriculture systems resulting in low economic efficiency, low incomes to the farmers and low sustainability of farming systems. The availability of fertile land, water, and species, if properly designed, can reduce input costs thereby increase production which would result in sustainable higher incomes for the farmers.  ', ' Nagoli J.1,Valeta J.2  and Kapute F.3  (2013), ANALYSIS OF BIO-RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN MALAWI .', ' Nagoli J.1,Valeta J.2  and Kapute F.3 , ANALYSIS OF BIO-RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN MALAWI (2013).', ' Nagoli J.1,Valeta J.2  and Kapute F.3  (2013), ANALYSIS OF BIO-RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN MALAWI .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(491, 'Poverty and Malnutrition in Zimbabwe: Determinants of Poverty and Malnutrition ', 'Angelino Viceisza, Kodjo Aflagah, Jala Abner, Kerlisha Hippolyte ', '2o2o', 'Public Reports', '', '71896', '21 May 2021', 'Determinants of poverty', 'Angelino Viceisza, Kodjo Aflagah, Jala Abner, Kerlisha Hippolyte  (2o2o), Poverty and Malnutrition in Zimbabwe: Determinants of Poverty and Malnutrition .', 'Angelino Viceisza, Kodjo Aflagah, Jala Abner, Kerlisha Hippolyte , Poverty and Malnutrition in Zimbabwe: Determinants of Poverty and Malnutrition (2o2o).', 'Angelino Viceisza, Kodjo Aflagah, Jala Abner, Kerlisha Hippolyte  (2o2o), Poverty and Malnutrition in Zimbabwe: Determinants of Poverty and Malnutrition .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(492, 'Rural co-operative resilience: the case of Malawi Journal Item ', 'Alexander  Borda-Rodrigueza,*,  Sara  Vicarib', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '32701', '21 May 2021', 'Underexplored \r\nand \r\nbarely \r\nknown, \r\nthe \r\nMalawian \r\nco-operative \r\nmovement \r\nhas \r\nexperienced \r\nserious\r\nchallenges \r\nsince \r\nits \r\ninception \r\nin \r\n1946. \r\nRural \r\nco-operatives \r\nin \r\nthe \r\ncountry \r\nhave \r\nendured \r\ncrises \r\nand \r\nyet\r\nthey \r\nare \r\nthriving \r\nin \r\nadverse \r\ncircumstances. \r\nIn \r\nthis \r\narticle \r\nwe \r\nasked \r\nto \r\nwhat \r\nextent \r\nand \r\nin \r\nwhat \r\nways \r\nrural\r\nMalawian \r\nco-operatives \r\nare \r\nresilient \r\nsocial \r\nand \r\neconomic \r\norganisations? \r\nIn \r\nthe \r\nabsence \r\nof \r\na \r\nconsolidated\r\nbody \r\nof \r\nliterature \r\non \r\n‘co-operative \r\nresilience’ \r\nwe \r\naddress \r\nthis \r\nquestion \r\nby \r\n(1) \r\nreviewing \r\nthe \r\nexisting\r\nliterature \r\non \r\nco-operatives \r\nand \r\nidentifying \r\nkey \r\nfactors \r\nthat \r\nappear \r\nto \r\nbe \r\nconducive \r\nto \r\nresilience \r\nand \r\n(2)\r\nby \r\nanalysing \r\nextensive \r\nﬁeld \r\ndata \r\non \r\nfour \r\nof \r\nthe \r\nbiggest \r\nco-operatives \r\nUnions \r\nin \r\nMalawi \r\nand \r\nestablishing\r\nhow \r\nthey \r\nhave \r\ncoped \r\nwith \r\nchallenges. \r\nThe \r\nﬁeld-based \r\ndata \r\nand \r\nour \r\nliterature \r\nﬁndings \r\nshed \r\nnew \r\ninsights\r\ninto \r\nthe \r\nnature \r\nof \r\nresilience. \r\nCo-operative \r\nresilience \r\nis \r\na \r\nlong \r\nterm \r\nprocesses, \r\none \r\nbased \r\non \r\nreﬂexivity \r\nand\r\ninteractions \r\nbetween \r\nmembers, \r\nleaders \r\nand \r\nnational \r\nand \r\ninternational \r\norganisations. \r\nResilient \r\nstrategies\r\ndeveloped \r\nby \r\nrural \r\nMalawian \r\nco-operatives \r\nare \r\nalso \r\noutlined \r\nand \r\nexplored', 'Alexander  Borda-Rodrigueza,*,  Sara  Vicarib (2014), Rural co-operative resilience: the case of Malawi Journal Item .', 'Alexander  Borda-Rodrigueza,*,  Sara  Vicarib, Rural co-operative resilience: the case of Malawi Journal Item (2014).', 'Alexander  Borda-Rodrigueza,*,  Sara  Vicarib (2014), Rural co-operative resilience: the case of Malawi Journal Item .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(493, 'Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015–2016) ', 'Christine N. Walters* , Hasina Rakotomanana, Joel J. Komakech and Barbara J. Stoecker', '2015 to 2016', 'Public Reports', '', '10455', '21 May 2021', 'Background: Optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are critical to prevent child undernutrition. Despite the occurrence of child undernutrition and widespread suboptimal feeding practices in Malawi, the association of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices and undernutrition among Malawian children remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to determine the current breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, to identify maternal determinants of each practice, and to analyze the associations between breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices with stunting, underweight, and wasting. Methods: The most recent Malawi Demographic Health Survey (2015–2016) was used and data for 2294 children aged 0–23months were included. A conceptual framework of five maternal domains: sociodemographic, health status, health behaviors, women’s empowerment, and media exposure was used. Each domain contained exposure variables and the WHO Infant and Young Child Feeding indicators were used as outcome variables. All analyses were adjusted for clustering, and variables that reached a p-value of <0.05 were considered significant in the final model. Results: Among children, 30.8% were stunted, 9.9% were underweight, and 3.7% were wasted. Many (78%) were breastfed within the first hour of birth, 89% were breastfed until their first birthday, yet 40% were not exclusively breastfed to 6 months. Only 32% met minimum dietary diversity, 23% met minimum meal frequency, 12% met minimum acceptable diet and 12% consumed iron-rich foods. Children whose mothers lived in urban areas were less likely to be breastfed within 1 hour of birth but more likely to meet minimum dietary diversity. Children whose mothers listened to radio were more likely to meet minimum meal frequency. Children (13–23months) who met minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet were less likely to be underweight. Conclusions: Optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Malawi remain suboptimal and child undernutrition remains problematic. Maternal characteristics from the five domains were significantly associated with optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding indicators. Knowledge of these maternal determinants can assist in improving nutrition policies and interventions that aim to impact breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices and child growth in Malawi. Keywords: IYCF, Child undernutrition, Maternal determinants, Malawi\r\n', 'Christine N. Walters* , Hasina Rakotomanana, Joel J. Komakech and Barbara J. Stoecker (2015 to 2016), Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015–2016) .', 'Christine N. Walters* , Hasina Rakotomanana, Joel J. Komakech and Barbara J. Stoecker, Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015–2016) (2015 to 2016).', 'Christine N. Walters* , Hasina Rakotomanana, Joel J. Komakech and Barbara J. Stoecker (2015 to 2016), Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015–2016) .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(494, 'Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map protocol ', 'Sarah E. Brown1*, Daniel C. Miller1, Pablo J. Ordonez2 and Kathy Baylis2', '2018', 'Public Reports', '', '14183', '21 May 2021', 'Background: Agroforestry bridges the gap that often separates agriculture and forestry by building integrated systems that address both environmental and socio-economic objectives. Agroforestry can improve the resiliency of agricultural systems and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Existing research suggests that integrating trees on farms can prevent environmental degradation, improve agricultural productivity, increase carbon sequestration, generate cleaner water, and support healthy soil and healthy ecosystems while providing stable incomes and other benefits to human welfare. Although these claims are becoming more widely accepted as the body of agroforestry research increases, systematic understanding of the evidence supporting them remains lacking for high-income countries. This systematic map will address this research need by providing a tool for identifying and visualizing the existing evidence demonstrating the impacts of agroforestry practices and interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. The results will be useful for informing policy decisions and future research by making the evidence easily accessible and highlighting the gaps in knowledge as well as areas with enough evidence to conduct systematic reviews. Methods: This systematic map will identify, collect, display, and describe available evidence on the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries. The search strategy will cover 5 primary databases and 24 organizational websites using a pre-defined search string designed to capture studies relating agroforestry practices and interventions to outcomes in high-income countries. The searches will all be conducted in English. We will screen the identified studies for inclusion or exclusion in stages, first on title and abstract and then on full-text. We will collect data from studies included at the full-text stage to form the map and associated database. For inclusion, the study in question must assess the impacts of the deliberate promotion and/or actual integration of woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals. Keywords: Alley cropping, Silvopasture, Riparian buffer, Forest farming, Windbreak, Agriculture, Forestry, Socioeconomic impact, Impact evaluation', 'Sarah E. Brown1*, Daniel C. Miller1, Pablo J. Ordonez2 and Kathy Baylis2 (2018), Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map protocol .', 'Sarah E. Brown1*, Daniel C. Miller1, Pablo J. Ordonez2 and Kathy Baylis2, Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map protocol (2018).', 'Sarah E. Brown1*, Daniel C. Miller1, Pablo J. Ordonez2 and Kathy Baylis2 (2018), Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map protocol .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(495, 'Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Malawi', 'Nancy McCarthy Josh Brubaker Alejandro de la Fuente', '2016', 'Public Reports', '', '54596', '21 May 2021', 'Considerations of risk and vulnerability are key to understanding\r\nthe dynamics of poverty in rural Malawi. This\r\nstudy measures vulnerability to consumption shortfalls and\r\nanalyzes its sources using a two-period panel of 2,789 households,\r\ndrawn from the 2010 Third Integrated Household\r\nSurvey and the 2013 Integrated Household Panel Survey.\r\nThe results show that in 2010 two-fifths of all households had\r\na chance of at least 40 percent of falling below the poverty\r\nline in the future. The results show that many households\r\nin rural Malawi are vulnerable to poverty, although, as with\r\nmany other studies of rural areas in other countries, much of\r\nthe vulnerability is caused by chronic poverty. Nonetheless,\r\nrisks, particularly rainfall and loss of off-farm employment,\r\nare also important in explaining why poor households\r\nremain poor, and why some non-poor households are more\r\nlikely to fall into poverty in the next period. Household\r\nwealth and agricultural assets can protect households from\r\nfalling into poverty and reduce the severity of the fall when\r\nshocks occur. However, there is little evidence to suggest\r\nthat other strategies to reduce vulnerability are effective.', 'Nancy McCarthy Josh Brubaker Alejandro de la Fuente (2016), Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Malawi.', 'Nancy McCarthy Josh Brubaker Alejandro de la Fuente, Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Malawi(2016).', 'Nancy McCarthy Josh Brubaker Alejandro de la Fuente (2016), Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(496, 'Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers’ Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Glwadys A. Gbetibouo , Godfrey Kundhlande, Gudeta W. Sileshi  and Tracy L. Beedy', '2015', 'Journals', '', '23939', '21 May 2021', 'Malawi is a country in southern Africa facing high climate variability and many\r\nagricultural challenges. This paper examines farmers’ coping strategies for crop failure and\r\nthe determinants of their choices using household level data from rural southern Malawi.\r\nThe results highlight that farmers are not responding directly to climate variability, but to\r\ncrop failure, which is influenced by climate stress, as well as other constraints, such as poor\r\nsoil fertility and lack of agricultural inputs and technologies. The coping strategies adopted\r\nby households are mostly ex-post measures, including engaging in casual labor, small\r\nbusinesses and the sale of forest products. The main determinants of the adoption of these\r\ncoping options are education, gender of the head of household, soil fertility and frequency\r\nof crop failure. This study concludes by recommending, among other things, that policies\r\nfor the more efficient communication of climate change threats should emphasize the risk of\r\ncrop failure. Furthermore, initiatives to assist households to better cope with climate change\r\nshould take into consideration the local context of decision-making which is shaped by\r\nmultiple stressors.', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Glwadys A. Gbetibouo , Godfrey Kundhlande, Gudeta W. Sileshi  and Tracy L. Beedy (2015), Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers’ Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi.', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Glwadys A. Gbetibouo , Godfrey Kundhlande, Gudeta W. Sileshi  and Tracy L. Beedy, Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers’ Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi(2015).', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Glwadys A. Gbetibouo , Godfrey Kundhlande, Gudeta W. Sileshi  and Tracy L. Beedy (2015), Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers’ Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(497, 'VULNERABILITY AND HOUSEHOLD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RURAL THAILAND: THE CASE OF PATTANI PROVINCE ', 'PHA-ISAH LEEKOI ', '2015', 'Corporate Reports', '', '35744', '21 May 2021', 'The concept of “vulnerability to poverty” has attracted the attention of development economists during the last two decades as witnessed by the increasing number of studies on the issue that emerge in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the issues of exposure to shocks/risks, risk management strategies and vulnerability to poverty using rural households in Pattani province. A sample of 600 households in five districts of Pattani province was selected using the multi-stage sampling approach. A comprehensive descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS to examine the exposure to shocks in general. The Logit model was used to analyse households’ exposure to shocks as well as their impact on their livelihood. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) technique was then employed to measure the level of vulnerability to poverty. Finally, the Tobit model was estimated to determine the influence of exposure to shocks on vulnerability to poverty. This study showed that rural households in Pattani province faced many types of shocks and they had employed various strategies in order to handle such shocks. It revealed that exposure to shocks, regardless of the type of shocks, had significant impacts on the various aspects of the livelihood of the households. However, as for the level of vulnerability to poverty, only exposure to social shock was found to be statistically significant. Nevertheless, the results showed that vulnerability in the sampled population was quite high at more than 80 percent which was much higher than the incidence of poverty in the sample which stood at less than 30 percent. These findings also pointed out how important it was for the Thai government to improve its social security net which can be relied upon by the vulnerable to prevent them from actually falling into the trap of poverty', 'PHA-ISAH LEEKOI  (2015), VULNERABILITY AND HOUSEHOLD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RURAL THAILAND: THE CASE OF PATTANI PROVINCE .', 'PHA-ISAH LEEKOI , VULNERABILITY AND HOUSEHOLD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RURAL THAILAND: THE CASE OF PATTANI PROVINCE (2015).', 'PHA-ISAH LEEKOI  (2015), VULNERABILITY AND HOUSEHOLD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RURAL THAILAND: THE CASE OF PATTANI PROVINCE .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(498, 'One Village One Product (OVOP)—A Rural Development Strategy and the Early Adaption in Vietnam, the Case of Quang Ninh Province', 'Long Hoang Thanh, Linh Ta Nhat, Hao Nguyen Dang, Thi Minh Hop Ho  and Philippe Lebailly ', '2018', 'Journals', '', '86000', '21 May 2021', 'Agriculture and rural development has continuously been a hot debate and received\r\nsignificant attention from literature. In this context, endogenous development is considered to be\r\nbasic approach for rural development strategies in many countries of which the Japanese model\r\nnamely One Village One Product (OVOP) is a successful one. This paper studies the OVOP movement\r\nand analyzes its early adaption in Vietnam, the so-called One Commune One Product (OCOP).\r\nThis question is addressed by reviewing the existing literature on OVOP following by a case study\r\nin Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. The results, reveal, in practice, despite some criticism, OCOP\r\nstrategy in general generate employment opportunities, incomes; enhance creativity and capability\r\nof local people.\r\nKeywords: endogenous development; one village one product; one commune one product; traditional\r\nagriculture products; Quang Ninh; vietnam', 'Long Hoang Thanh, Linh Ta Nhat, Hao Nguyen Dang, Thi Minh Hop Ho  and Philippe Lebailly  (2018), One Village One Product (OVOP)—A Rural Development Strategy and the Early Adaption in Vietnam, the Case of Quang Ninh Province.', 'Long Hoang Thanh, Linh Ta Nhat, Hao Nguyen Dang, Thi Minh Hop Ho  and Philippe Lebailly , One Village One Product (OVOP)—A Rural Development Strategy and the Early Adaption in Vietnam, the Case of Quang Ninh Province(2018).', 'Long Hoang Thanh, Linh Ta Nhat, Hao Nguyen Dang, Thi Minh Hop Ho  and Philippe Lebailly  (2018), One Village One Product (OVOP)—A Rural Development Strategy and the Early Adaption in Vietnam, the Case of Quang Ninh Province.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(499, 'Entrepreneurship Education through Successful Entrepreneurial Models in Higher Education Institutions', 'Gabriela Boldureanu, AlinaMariuca Ionescu, Ana-Maria Bercu  , Maria Viorica Bedrule-Grigorut,  and Daniel Boldureanu', '2020', 'Journals', '', '27719', '21 May 2021', 'In higher education institutions, entrepreneurship learning based on successful\r\nentrepreneurial role models may promote education for sustainable development. Several theoretical\r\nperspectives, such as the human capital theory, the entrepreneurial self-efficacy and self-determination\r\ntheory, argue that entrepreneurship education is positively correlated with entrepreneurial intentions\r\nof students, as it provides adequate know-how and skills and motivates them to develop\r\ntheir entrepreneurial careers. In entrepreneurship education programmes, exposure to successful\r\nentrepreneurial models could be a significant factor for stimulating students’ confidence in their ability\r\nto start a business and for improving their attitudes towards entrepreneurship. This study aims (i)\r\nto identify characteristics viewed by students as being specific to a successful entrepreneur, (ii) to\r\nestablish the influence of exposure to successful entrepreneurial role models (chosen by students)\r\nduring entrepreneurship education classes on student entrepreneurial intentions, and (iii) to assess\r\nhowsuch exposure influences the attitudes of students towards entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the\r\nauthors ran a pilot experiment with 30 graduate students enrolled in a Business Creation course using\r\na research methodology that combined qualitative techniques with quantitative measures. Content\r\nand statistical analyses were utilised to examine differences in student entrepreneurial intentions\r\nand attitudes towards entrepreneurship after being exposed to successful entrepreneurial models.\r\nOur study provides evidence that entrepreneurship education based on successful entrepreneurial\r\nrole models may positively influence the entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions of students and\r\ncould lead to higher orientation of student perception towards social benefits of entrepreneurship\r\n(new jobs) compared to financial ones (high income). However, our findings stress that if educators\r\nwant to improve the efficiency of education focused on developing entrepreneurial skills, graduate\r\nprogrammes should be designed differently for business and non-business students, since studying\r\nsuccessful entrepreneurial stories impacts these two groups differently.\r\nKeywords: entrepreneurship education; entrepreneurial role model; entrepreneurial intention;\r\nsuccessful entrepreneurs', 'Gabriela Boldureanu, AlinaMariuca Ionescu, Ana-Maria Bercu  , Maria Viorica Bedrule-Grigorut,  and Daniel Boldureanu (2020), Entrepreneurship Education through Successful Entrepreneurial Models in Higher Education Institutions.', 'Gabriela Boldureanu, AlinaMariuca Ionescu, Ana-Maria Bercu  , Maria Viorica Bedrule-Grigorut,  and Daniel Boldureanu, Entrepreneurship Education through Successful Entrepreneurial Models in Higher Education Institutions(2020).', 'Gabriela Boldureanu, AlinaMariuca Ionescu, Ana-Maria Bercu  , Maria Viorica Bedrule-Grigorut,  and Daniel Boldureanu (2020), Entrepreneurship Education through Successful Entrepreneurial Models in Higher Education Institutions.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(500, 'TOWARDS A SHOCK SENSITIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR MALAWI ', 'Rebecca Holmes and Cecilia Costella with Meghan Bailey, Andrew Kruczkiewicz, Richard Poulter, Kay Sharp and Lucy Scott ', '2017', 'Public Reports', '', '14008', '21 May 2021', 'This report assesses the potential for strengthening ‘shock-sensitive’ social protection in Malawi. Bringing together recent experiences and knowledge, it analyses the ways in which existing social protection system components can more effectively prepare for and address the impacts of events that result in humanitarian emergency response. It provides clear options and recommendations for a more shock-sensitive social protection approach in Malawi', 'Rebecca Holmes and Cecilia Costella with Meghan Bailey, Andrew Kruczkiewicz, Richard Poulter, Kay Sharp and Lucy Scott  (2017), TOWARDS A SHOCK SENSITIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR MALAWI .', 'Rebecca Holmes and Cecilia Costella with Meghan Bailey, Andrew Kruczkiewicz, Richard Poulter, Kay Sharp and Lucy Scott , TOWARDS A SHOCK SENSITIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR MALAWI (2017).', 'Rebecca Holmes and Cecilia Costella with Meghan Bailey, Andrew Kruczkiewicz, Richard Poulter, Kay Sharp and Lucy Scott  (2017), TOWARDS A SHOCK SENSITIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR MALAWI .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(501, 'Review Agroforestry: An Appropriate and Sustainable Response to a Changing Climate in Southern Africa?', 'Jonathan P. Sheppard, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel , Lars Borrass, Paxie W. Chirwa, Claudio J. Cuaranhua, Sibylle K Hassler, Svenja Homeister, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Mirko Mälicke, Christopher Morh', '2020', 'Journals', '', '98134', '21 May 2021', 'Agroforestry is often discussed as a strategy that can be used both for the adaptation to and\r\nthe mitigation of climate change eects. The climate of southern Africa is predicted to be severely\r\naected by such changes. With agriculture noted as the continent’s largest economic sector, issues\r\nsuch as food security and land degradation are in the forefront. In the light of such concerns we\r\nreview the current literature to investigate if agroforestry systems (AFS) are a suitable response to the\r\nchallenges besetting traditional agricultural caused by a changing climate. The benefits bestowed by\r\nAFS are multiple, oering ecosystem services, influence over crop production and positive impacts on\r\nrural livelihoods through provisioning and income generation. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps remain.\r\nWe identify outstanding questions requiring further investigation such as the interplay between trees\r\nand crops and their combination, with a discussion of potential benefits. Furthermore, we identify\r\ndeficiencies in the institutional and policy frameworks that underlie the adoption and stimulus of\r\nAFS in the southern African region. We uphold the concept that AFS remains an appropriate and\r\nsustainable response for an increased resilience against a changing climate in southern Africa for the\r\nbenefit of livelihoods and multiple environmental values.', 'Jonathan P. Sheppard, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel , Lars Borrass, Paxie W. Chirwa, Claudio J. Cuaranhua, Sibylle K Hassler, Svenja Homeister, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Mirko Mälicke, Christopher Morhart, Nicholas P. Ndlovu, Maik Veste, Roger Funk, Friederike Lang, Thomas Seifert Ben du Toit  and Hans-Peter Kahle (2020), Review Agroforestry: An Appropriate and Sustainable Response to a Changing Climate in Southern Africa?.', 'Jonathan P. Sheppard, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel , Lars Borrass, Paxie W. Chirwa, Claudio J. Cuaranhua, Sibylle K Hassler, Svenja Homeister, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Mirko Mälicke, Christopher Morhart, Nicholas P. Ndlovu, Maik Veste, Roger Funk, Friederike Lang, Thomas Seifert Ben du Toit  and Hans-Peter Kahle, Review Agroforestry: An Appropriate and Sustainable Response to a Changing Climate in Southern Africa?(2020).', 'Jonathan P. Sheppard, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel , Lars Borrass, Paxie W. Chirwa, Claudio J. Cuaranhua, Sibylle K Hassler, Svenja Homeister, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Mirko Mälicke, Christopher Morhart, Nicholas P. Ndlovu, Maik Veste, Roger Funk, Friederike Lang, Thomas Seifert Ben du Toit  and Hans-Peter Kahle (2020), Review Agroforestry: An Appropriate and Sustainable Response to a Changing Climate in Southern Africa?.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(502, 'The impact of farm input subsidies on household welfare in Malawi ', 'Lonester Sibande1†, Alastair Bailey1 and Sophia Davidova1 ', '', 'Public Reports', '', '70352', '21 May 2021', 'This paper analyzes the impact of a fertilizer subsidy program in Malawi on household food security and the total annual per capita consumption expenditure. The study uses the nationally representative two-wave Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) data of 2010 and 2013. Fixed effect and correlated random effect quantile regression models are employed to estimate the conditional mean and heterogeneous effects of subsidized fertilizer. The study finds a positive effect of subsidized fertilizer on the availability of kilocalories per capita per day, the number of months of household food security, and the probability of a household being food secure over the whole year. The study also finds heterogeneous effects of the program with relatively higher impact on food secure households.  However, the study finds no evidence of effects on annual per capita consumption expenditure. These results suggests that farm input subsidy programs could be beneficial for the improvement of food security, particularly of larger food crop producers, but such programs are less useful when the main policy objective is to decrease poverty.  \r\n', 'Lonester Sibande1†, Alastair Bailey1 and Sophia Davidova1  (), The impact of farm input subsidies on household welfare in Malawi .', 'Lonester Sibande1†, Alastair Bailey1 and Sophia Davidova1 , The impact of farm input subsidies on household welfare in Malawi ().', 'Lonester Sibande1†, Alastair Bailey1 and Sophia Davidova1  (), The impact of farm input subsidies on household welfare in Malawi .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(503, 'The endogeneity of business cycle synchronisation in SADC: A GMM approach', 'Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande and Harold Ngalawa', '2017', 'Journals', '', '46934', '21 May 2021', 'Studies often conclude that the proposed Southern African Development\r\nCommunity monetary union would be disastrous and not optimal for all member\r\ncountries. This is because of the observed low, and sometimes negative business cycle\r\ncorrelation amongst member countries. However, it has been demonstrated that\r\nthe degree of synchronisation is not irrevocably fixed and is endogenous to certain\r\neconomic factors. This study, therefore, sets out to investigate factors influencing\r\nbusiness cycle synchronisation in the SADC region. More precisely, the study employs\r\na generalised method of moments to investigate the influence of trade integration,\r\nfinancial integration, fiscal policy convergence, monetary policy similarity and oil\r\nprices (a proxy for global common shocks) on the degree of business cycle synchronisation.\r\nTo conduct our analysis, we use data covering the period 1994–2014.\r\nIn addition, we employ bilateral data as a way of getting around the problem of\r\nunavailability of aggregated regional data. The study finds trade, fiscal policy convergence\r\nand monetary policy similarity to have a sanguine impact on the degree\r\nof business cycle synchronisation. In addition, owing to their procyclical behaviour,\r\nit is observed that financial flows lead to diverging business cycles. Furthermore, the\r\nstudy finds that oil prices exert a negative impact on business cycle comovement\r\nin the SADC region. The study results have far-reaching policy implications for the\r\nproposed SADC monetary union. It is implied in the study findings that by stimulating\r\ntrade and ensuring coherence in macroeconomic policies, SADC can move closer\r\nto being an optimal currency area.', 'Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande and Harold Ngalawa (2017), The endogeneity of business cycle synchronisation in SADC: A GMM approach.', 'Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande and Harold Ngalawa, The endogeneity of business cycle synchronisation in SADC: A GMM approach(2017).', 'Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande and Harold Ngalawa (2017), The endogeneity of business cycle synchronisation in SADC: A GMM approach.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(504, 'Criminals by necessity: the risky life of charcoal transporters in Malawi ', 'Harriet Elizabeth Smitha,b1, Felix Eigenbrodb,c2, Dalitso Kafumbatad3, Malcolm D. Hudsona,b* and Kate Schreckenberga,b4', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '49555', '21 May 2021', 'The charcoal industry in sub-Saharan Africa plays a substantial role providing growing urban populations with domestic energy. However, concerns about its environmental impacts have led to punitive policies, resulting in the criminalisation of charcoal-based livelihoods. One factor constraining the development of more effective policy approaches is limited data on the impacts of regulations on the socio-economic outcomes of different value chain actors. We focus on one group of actors: charcoal transporters, who supply charcoal to Zomba, a medium-sized city in Southern Malawi. Drawing on a survey of 201 transporters, we ﬁnd that they are attracted by fast cash-inhand, low capital requirements and the lack of alternative local employment opportunities. Both men and women participate, yet transport methods are gendered. Men, who typically transport charcoal on a bicycle, earn three times as much per week as those who carry charco', 'Harriet Elizabeth Smitha,b1, Felix Eigenbrodb,c2, Dalitso Kafumbatad3, Malcolm D. Hudsona,b* and Kate Schreckenberga,b4 (2015), Criminals by necessity: the risky life of charcoal transporters in Malawi .', 'Harriet Elizabeth Smitha,b1, Felix Eigenbrodb,c2, Dalitso Kafumbatad3, Malcolm D. Hudsona,b* and Kate Schreckenberga,b4, Criminals by necessity: the risky life of charcoal transporters in Malawi (2015).', 'Harriet Elizabeth Smitha,b1, Felix Eigenbrodb,c2, Dalitso Kafumbatad3, Malcolm D. Hudsona,b* and Kate Schreckenberga,b4 (2015), Criminals by necessity: the risky life of charcoal transporters in Malawi .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(505, 'Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges”', 'Dan Maxwell, Ben Watkins, Robin Wheeler and Greg Collins', '2003', 'Journals', '', '90830', '21 May 2021', 'Measuring food insecurity is a costly and complicated exercise. In highly food insecure\r\ncountries operational agencies need regular measurements for monitoring changes and for\r\nassessing the impact of food aid interventions. Often these interventions take place in\r\nemergency conditions. Time is limited, and field conditions do not permit lengthy and\r\nintensive data collection or analysis processes. Tools are needed that are quick and easy to\r\nadminister, straightforward to analyze, and rapid enough to provide real-time information to\r\nprogramme managers. The Coping Strategies Index (CSI) is one such tool. It was developed\r\nin Uganda and Ghana but has been for early warning and food security assessment in\r\nseveral other African countries, including Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zimbabwe, Zambia,\r\nMalawi and Burundi.\r\nThe Coping Strategies Index (CSI) is an indicator of household food security that is relatively\r\nsimple and quick to use, straightforward to understand, and correlates well with more\r\ncomplex measures of food security. A series of questions about how households manage to\r\ncope with a shortfall in food for consumption results in a simple numeric score. In its simplest\r\nform, monitoring changes in the CSI score indicates whether household food security status\r\nin declining or improving. It is much quicker, simpler, and cheaper to collect information on\r\ncoping strategies than on actual household food consumption levels. Hence, the CSI is an\r\nappropriate tool for emergency situations when other methods are simply not practical or\r\ntimely.', 'Dan Maxwell, Ben Watkins, Robin Wheeler and Greg Collins (2003), Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges”.', 'Dan Maxwell, Ben Watkins, Robin Wheeler and Greg Collins, Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges”(2003).', 'Dan Maxwell, Ben Watkins, Robin Wheeler and Greg Collins (2003), Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges”.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(506, 'Social Funds Assessing Effectiveness', '', '2002', 'Public Reports', '', '15813', '21 May 2021', 'The Operations Evaluation Department (OED) is an independent unit within the World Bank; it reports directly to the Bank’s Board of Executive Directors. OED assesses what works, and what does not; how a borrower plans to run and maintain a project; and the lasting contribution of the Bank to a country’s overall development. The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank’s work, and to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also improves Bank work by identifying and disseminating the lessons learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from evaluation findings.\r\n', ' (2002), Social Funds Assessing Effectiveness.', ', Social Funds Assessing Effectiveness(2002).', ' (2002), Social Funds Assessing Effectiveness.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(507, 'The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate negative effects', 'Stephen Devereux', '2000', 'Journals', '', '14150', '21 May 2021', 'This article introduces an analytical framework for understanding the impacts of droughts and floods on rural livelihoods,\r\nbased on Sen’s “entitlement approach,” and applies the framework to the recent food crises in Malawi. Weather shocks trigger\r\na sequence of “entitlement failures,” which can result in a famine unless public action intervenes to mitigate these impacts.\r\nPolicy responses can compensate for failures of production-based entitlement (free or subsidized input distribution); labor-based\r\nentitlement (public works programs or “employment-based safety nets”); trade-based entitlement (grain reserve management or\r\nfood pricing policies); and transfer-based entitlement (food aid or cash transfers).\r\nJEL classification: Q18, Q54, Q58, R2\r\nKeywords: Agriculture; Cash transfers; Entitlement; Food security; Malawi; Vulnerability', 'Stephen Devereux (2000), The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate negative effects.', 'Stephen Devereux, The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate negative effects(2000).', 'Stephen Devereux (2000), The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate negative effects.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(508, 'The inter-connected challenges for food security from a food regimes perspective: Energy, climate and malconsumption.', 'Colin Sage', '2013', 'Journals', '', '48133', '21 May 2021', 'Growing food price volatility during the first decade of the twenty-first century has certainly elicited attention from mainstream science and policy analysis (FAO 2009, Royal Society 2009, Science 2010, UK Government Office for Science 2011, Economist 2011). While some documents remain “cautiously optimistic”, that commodity prices will fall from their 2010-11 levels and stabilise as market signals incentivise farmers to produce more food (OECD-FAO 2011), most are less sanguine about the prospects for feeding the world, especially a global population of 9b by 2050 (Evans 2009). Indeed, of these recent mainstream reports, there are varying degrees of acknowledgement of the other challenges that intersect with food production - such as projected rates of global warming, freshwater depletion, biodiversity losses, and tightening energy markets - let alone matters of livelihood security and improved access to food for the rural poor. For most, the central solution is to develop and apply new agricultural technologies in order to increase food production. Only one recent report of international significance comes to a different conclusion: the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD 2009), was clear in its advocacy for a new direction in public policy for food and livelihood security under increasingly constrained environmental conditions. As the IAASTD Synthesis Report states: “the current agricultural knowledge, science and technology model requires revision. Business as usual is no longer an option” (IAASTD 2009: 3).\r\nYet, developing more sustainable forms of agricultural production that build on the agro-ecological knowledge of small-holder farmers has so far received only limited support from national and international institutions and policies (Pretty et al. 2010, Lang et al 2009). Not least there remains a hugely powerful status quo that regards the current crisis as requiring the rejuvenation of the existing agri-industrial model.', 'Colin Sage (2013), The inter-connected challenges for food security from a food regimes perspective: Energy, climate and malconsumption..', 'Colin Sage, The inter-connected challenges for food security from a food regimes perspective: Energy, climate and malconsumption.(2013).', 'Colin Sage (2013), The inter-connected challenges for food security from a food regimes perspective: Energy, climate and malconsumption..', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(509, '144- Adaptation to Climate Change and Food Security: Micro-evidence from Malawi1 ', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 ', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '60635', '21 May 2021', 'This paper assesses factors governing farmers’ decision to adopt adaptation/risk-mitigating strategies and evaluates the impact of adoption on crop productivity by utilizing household level data collected in 2011 from a nationally representative sample of 7842 households (11208 plots) in Malawi. We employ a multivariate probit (MVP) technique to model simultaneous and interdependent adoption decisions and utilize instrumental variable method for the impact estimates. The MVP results suggest that the decisions to adopt each of the farm management practices are quite distinct and to a larger extent the factors driving the adoption decisions are also different which entail the unsuitability of aggregating them into one adaptation variable. We find that favourable rainfall outcome affect positively the decisions to adopt short-term inputs such as improved seed and inorganic fertilizer whereas unfavourable rainfall outcome encourages farmer to adopt planting trees, maize-legume intercropping, use of organic fertilizer and soil and water conservation measures (SWC). Land tenure security increase the likelihood that farmer adopt strategies that will capture the returns from their investments in the long run and reduces the demand for short-term inputs. Access to extension advice, social capital and collective action also affect positively the adoption decisions suggesting the importance of information and networks. The impact estimate show that adoption of farm management practices has a positive and statistically significant impact on maize productivity suggesting the positive synergies between adaptation strategies and food securit', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2013), 144- Adaptation to Climate Change and Food Security: Micro-evidence from Malawi1 .', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1 , 144- Adaptation to Climate Change and Food Security: Micro-evidence from Malawi1 (2013).', 'Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Laura Deotti and Maria Sassi1  (2013), 144- Adaptation to Climate Change and Food Security: Micro-evidence from Malawi1 .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(510, 'THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GREEN GROWTH: CASES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA', 'DANIELLE RESNICK, FINN TARP AND JAMES THURLOW', '2012', 'Journals', '', '23868', '21 May 2021', 'The concept of Green Growth implies that a wide range of developmental objectives, such as job creation, economic prosperity\r\nand poverty alleviation, can be easily reconciled with environmental sustainability. This article, however, argues that rather than\r\nbeing win–win, Green Growth is similar to most types of policy reforms that advocate the acceptance of short-term adjustment\r\ncosts in the expectation of long-term gains. In particular, Green Growth policies often encourage developing countries to\r\nredesign their national strategies in ways that might be inconsistent with natural comparative advantages and past investments.\r\nIn turn, there are often sizeable anti-reform coalitions whose interests may conflict with a Green Growth agenda. We illustrate\r\nthis argument by using case studies of Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa, which are engaged in development strategies\r\nthat involve inorganic fertilizers, biofuel production and coal-based energy, respectively. Each of these countries is pursuing\r\nan environmentally suboptimal strategy but nonetheless addressing critical development needs, including food security, fuel\r\nand electricity. We show that adopting a Green Growth approach would not only be economically costly but also generate\r\nsubstantial domestic resistance, especially among the poor. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\r\nkey words—development policy; Green Growth; political economy; Southern Africa', 'DANIELLE RESNICK, FINN TARP AND JAMES THURLOW (2012), THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GREEN GROWTH: CASES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA.', 'DANIELLE RESNICK, FINN TARP AND JAMES THURLOW, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GREEN GROWTH: CASES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA(2012).', 'DANIELLE RESNICK, FINN TARP AND JAMES THURLOW (2012), THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GREEN GROWTH: CASES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(511, 'Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   ', 'Eric W. Crawford, T. S. Jayne, and Valerie A. Kelly ', '2005', 'Public Reports', '', '28605', '21 May 2021', 'This paper outlines the role of improved soil fertility in the process of structural transformation, and examines specific financial, economic, social, and political arguments in favor of promoting increased fertilizer use, particularly in smallholder farming systems. This paper draws experiences and insights from the literature on which policies and programs appear to work best and which least well in providing a consistent and growing supply of fertilizer to smallholders. Particular attention is given to addressing the question of fertilizer subsidies: Under what circumstances are they warranted and what form should they take, if and when they are implemented?', 'Eric W. Crawford, T. S. Jayne, and Valerie A. Kelly  (2005), Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   .', 'Eric W. Crawford, T. S. Jayne, and Valerie A. Kelly , Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   (2005).', 'Eric W. Crawford, T. S. Jayne, and Valerie A. Kelly  (2005), Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(512, 'The role of social capital on rural food security: the case study of Dowa and Lilongwe Districts in Central Malawi', 'J. L. Dzanja, M. Christie, I. Fazey and T. Hyde', '2013', 'Journals', '', '72196', '21 May 2021', 'This paper explores the contribution of social capital on the rural household food security. Social capital is the ability of community actors to secure benefits by virtue of membership in social networks or other social structures. Consensus has emerged among scholars that social capital can contribute significantly to the alleviation of poverty. Food insecurity is an indicator of poverty. Using the Malawi case study, this paper investigates the role of social capital on the food security in developing countries. Household survey data were used to incorporate different social capital variables into the household welfare model, controlled by human capital, physical capital, household and geographical characteristics. Household food security status was improved by membership to farmers’ organizations, household network size and engagement in voluntary activities. When all social capital variables were incorporated into the models the explanatory power of the model improved by 11 and 20% on household income and food security respectively. We conclude that social capital has positive influence on household food security; however, the effects vary depending on the nature of social capital. The results indicate the significance of social networks in improving the socio-economic livelihoods of the people in rural areas in developing countries.', 'J. L. Dzanja, M. Christie, I. Fazey and T. Hyde (2013), The role of social capital on rural food security: the case study of Dowa and Lilongwe Districts in Central Malawi.', 'J. L. Dzanja, M. Christie, I. Fazey and T. Hyde, The role of social capital on rural food security: the case study of Dowa and Lilongwe Districts in Central Malawi(2013).', 'J. L. Dzanja, M. Christie, I. Fazey and T. Hyde (2013), The role of social capital on rural food security: the case study of Dowa and Lilongwe Districts in Central Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(513, 'THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUBSIDY PROGRAMME IN RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION: INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD MODELING APPROACH', 'NICKSON ERIC KAMANGA', '2010', 'Dissertations', '', '72207', '21 May 2021', 'This study investigates the role of Agricultural Input Subsidy Programme on poverty reduction in rural Malawi using the Individual Household Modeling Approach. The study is based on information derived from a village in Chingale area in Zomba District. Using a “with” and “without” the subsidy project evaluation approach, the study makes a comparison of the ultra poverty and poverty rates in the two scenarios. The Agriculture Input Subsidy Programme has a positive impact on the poverty rate. However, the programme does not affect the proportion of households living below food security threshold. The poorest of the poor are not made any better off as a result of the AISP. The implication is that on average, the food security situation of the lowest income group is not improved by the subsidy programme. Moreover, the maize price escalations that occur during the traditional lean months of December to February implies worsening food security situation for all maize deficit households and more so for the ultra poor since it usually means surviving on less than the required kilocalorie intake. However, complete coverage of smallholder households with one 50kg bag of fertilizer is expected to greatly reduce both the poverty and ultra poverty rates.\r\nThe study also examines the targeting efficiency of the AISP and finds that the programme is biased towards the richer households. Although this conforms to the programme’s design structure, it is also a constraining factor to the programme’s effectiveness as a social safety net tool.', 'NICKSON ERIC KAMANGA (2010), THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUBSIDY PROGRAMME IN RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION: INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD MODELING APPROACH.', 'NICKSON ERIC KAMANGA, THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUBSIDY PROGRAMME IN RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION: INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD MODELING APPROACH(2010).', 'NICKSON ERIC KAMANGA (2010), THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUBSIDY PROGRAMME IN RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION: INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD MODELING APPROACH.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(514, 'THE IMPACT OF “ONE VILLAGE ONE PRODUCT (OVOP)” ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME – IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD SECURITY: THE CASE OF BVUMBWE OPERATION AREA, THYOLO DISTRICT, MALAWI', 'JULIANA IMMACULATE CHIDUMU', '2007', 'Dissertations', '', '34752', '21 May 2021', 'Malawi is among the most poor and food insecure countries in the world according to\r\nUNDP’s Human Development Report (2004). Agriculture is the driving force of the\r\neconomy of Malawi and the backbone to food security. The government of Malawi\r\nintroduced a program called One Village One Product (OVOP) in 2003 whose major\r\nobjective is poverty reduction by bringing economic independence into the communities.\r\nHowever, no effort had been made to evaluate the program and its activities hence creating an\r\ninformation gap. This study was therefore conducted in OVOP operation area of Bvumbwe in\r\nThyolo district, Malawi to assess the impact of One Village One Product (OVOP) program\r\non households’ farm income and its implications on food security. Primary data was collected\r\nfrom a total of 80 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of One Village One Product (OVOP)\r\nprogram. Out of the 52 beneficiaries, 40 were systematically selected and the other 40 was\r\ncollected randomly from the non-beneficiaries in the area. The data were collected in April\r\n2006 by the use of structured questionnaires and focus group discussion guide. Data was\r\nanalyzed using descriptive statistics, chi – squares, t-test and the Ordinary Least Squared\r\nTechnique of multiple regression method. A likert scaling technique was used to rate farmers’\r\nperception of the effect of OVOP on farm activities. The results indicated that there was a\r\nsignificant difference in the levels of household farm income between beneficiaries and non\r\nbeneficiaries of OVOP. The OVOP beneficiaries were found to be better off in terms of\r\nhousehold food security through increased food basket, enterprise diversification and food\r\naccess which was attained through higher farm income. However, farmers’ socio-economic\r\ncharacteristics did not adequately explain the disparity in household farm income. This\r\nimplies that there are some other factors that are closely associated with agricultural\r\nproduction and participation in programs such as OVOP, which may require further\r\ninvestigation. Participation in OVOP and household size were found to be positively\r\nassociated with household farm income. The study recommends expansion of the OVOP\r\nprogram to target the vulnerable groups and government intervention fast track infrastructural\r\ndevelopment in the area to facilitate value addition, processing and storage facilities.', 'JULIANA IMMACULATE CHIDUMU (2007), THE IMPACT OF “ONE VILLAGE ONE PRODUCT (OVOP)” ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME – IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD SECURITY: THE CASE OF BVUMBWE OPERATION AREA, THYOLO DISTRICT, MALAWI.', 'JULIANA IMMACULATE CHIDUMU, THE IMPACT OF “ONE VILLAGE ONE PRODUCT (OVOP)” ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME – IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD SECURITY: THE CASE OF BVUMBWE OPERATION AREA, THYOLO DISTRICT, MALAWI(2007).', 'JULIANA IMMACULATE CHIDUMU (2007), THE IMPACT OF “ONE VILLAGE ONE PRODUCT (OVOP)” ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME – IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD SECURITY: THE CASE OF BVUMBWE OPERATION AREA, THYOLO DISTRICT, MALAWI.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(515, 'A Tall Order: Improving Child Linear Growth Diets, transitions and maternal education', 'Mutinta Hambayi Nseluke', '2018', 'Dissertations', '', '73292', '21 May 2021', 'This dissertation examines the relationship between diet, maternal education\r\nand stunting. The thesis further studies determinants of childhood growth\r\ntransitions. Low height-for-age, or stunting, is failure to reach linear growth\r\npotential in early childhood due to recurrent illness and chronic malnutrition\r\n(Fenske, Burns, Hothorn, & Rehfuess, 2013). Stunting is the most prevalent\r\nform of malnutrition, affecting 155 million children (UNICEF, 2017). A major\r\nconcern about stunting, a form of chronic malnutrition, is that it has many\r\neffects on the individual’s health, later child schooling, and therefore has\r\nenormous economic implications. Reducing stunting is widely accepted as a\r\nsmart investment (Hoddinott, Alderman, Behrman, Haddad, & Horton, 2013).\r\nHoddinott, Alderman, et al. (2013) find that an individual stunted at age 36\r\nmonths was predicted, as an adult, to have 66% percent lower per capita\r\nconsumption, presenting a direct measure of the economic cost of stunting\r\n(Hoddinott, Alderman, et al., 2013). In addition, the World Bank estimates that\r\nfor every dollar invested in reducing stunting, there is a return of ten dollars\r\nand an increase of 4-11% in Gross Domestic Product (Shekar, Kakietek, Dayton\r\nEberwein, & Walters, 2016). Furthemore, Spears (2012) demonstrated that\r\nbeing one standard deviation taller showed an association with better future\r\nwriting skills.\r\nAs a result, nutrition is now a dominant feature of the global agendas. In 2010,\r\nthe Scaling up Nutrition movement, representing sixty countries to date, was\r\nformed to collectively champion nutrition (SUN, 2017). In 2012, the World\r\nHealth Assembly (WHA) set targets to reduce stunting by 40% for each\r\ncountry by 2025 (WHO, 2014), while the 2015, Sustainable Development Goals\r\n(SDGs, 2015) aim to end malnutrition in all its forms by 2030 (Baye, 2017). In\r\nthe history of global development goals, reducing stunting is today explicitly\r\nincluded as an indicator, giving it a new focus and prominence. As stunting\r\npersists globally, there is now growing recognition that strategies that are\r\neffective for preventing stunting in a way that also address the other outcomes\r\nthat are associated with, but not caused by, stunting are still unclear.', 'Mutinta Hambayi Nseluke (2018), A Tall Order: Improving Child Linear Growth Diets, transitions and maternal education.', 'Mutinta Hambayi Nseluke, A Tall Order: Improving Child Linear Growth Diets, transitions and maternal education(2018).', 'Mutinta Hambayi Nseluke (2018), A Tall Order: Improving Child Linear Growth Diets, transitions and maternal education.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(516, 'IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MANGO FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA', 'PAUL NYAMWEYA NYANG’AU', '2013', 'Dissertations', '', '90849', '21 May 2021', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood.\r\nThis study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used.\r\nThe results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers.', 'PAUL NYAMWEYA NYANG’AU (2013), IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MANGO FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA.', 'PAUL NYAMWEYA NYANG’AU, IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MANGO FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA(2013).', 'PAUL NYAMWEYA NYANG’AU (2013), IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MANGO FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(517, 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has f', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has f', '2016', 'Corporate Reports', '', '33204', '21 May 2021', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood.\r\nThis study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used.\r\nThe results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers.', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers. (2016), Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers..', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers., Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers.(2016).', 'Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers. (2016), Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the leading tropical fruits grown in Kenya and is ranked third after banana and pineapples in terms of acreage and total production volume. However, production has fallen below consumption due in part to fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens) infestation. About 40 percent of annual mango production in Kenya estimated at US$ 32 million, is lost due to direct damage of fruit flies. In an effort to improve production, the International center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has developed a set of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies aimed at controlling fruit fly infestation in mangoes. However, the impact of these technologies on the food security are not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of IPM technology for mango fruit fly control on food availability and accessibilty among 600 mango farmers in Mwala and Kangundo sub-Counties selected using a stratified sampling procedure. A seven-day recall was used to elicit Per Capita Calorie Intake while a 30-day recall was used to measure household dietary diversity. To evaluate the impact of IPM on food security the difference-in-difference method (DD) was used. The results indicate that 67 percent of IPM participants in Mwala and 75 percent of non-participants in Kangundo were food secure as they had attained the 2,250 Kcal threshold recommended by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). The OLS regression results show that the IPM technology had a positive impact on per capita calorie intake but not on the quality of food intake (HDDI) estimated by the poison regression. This suggests that farmers using IPM technology benefit from income gains, and higher incomes improve the economic availability to food but not food access. The study recommends that the government should promote IPM technology for the control of mango fruit fly as it is likely to improve the food security of smallholder farmers..', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(518, 'Urban Food Insecurity and the New International food Security Agenda', 'Jonathan S Crush and G Bruce Frayne', '2011', 'Journals', '', '81864', '21 May 2021', '', 'Jonathan S Crush and G Bruce Frayne (2011), Urban Food Insecurity and the New International food Security Agenda.', 'Jonathan S Crush and G Bruce Frayne, Urban Food Insecurity and the New International food Security Agenda(2011).', 'Jonathan S Crush and G Bruce Frayne (2011), Urban Food Insecurity and the New International food Security Agenda.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(519, 'Significant risk factors associated with stunting for children under the age of 5-years in Malawi: 2 The Application of proportional odds model using DHS datasets', 'Mzwakhe Elmon Magagula, Shaun Ramroop and Faustin Habyarimana', 'Unknown', 'Journals', '', '84552', '21 May 2021', 'Child malnutrition is perhaps the one of the main medical condition influencing general human wellbeing,  mainly in non-industrial nations. The improvement of legitimate evaluations of malnutrition is one of the  difficulties encountered by policymakers in numerous countries worldwide. In this manner, the current  study was embraced with the essential goal of evaluating and determining all potential determinants of childhood malnutrition in Malawi, using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data 2015/16. The study seeks to reveal some of the significant factors that are perpetuating the incidence of malnutrition in  children of Malawi. It also designed to offer deeper insights on how the probability of being diagnosed with  this medical condition (malnutrition) evolves across the different levels of the found significant factors.', 'Mzwakhe Elmon Magagula, Shaun Ramroop and Faustin Habyarimana (Unknown), Significant risk factors associated with stunting for children under the age of 5-years in Malawi: 2 The Application of proportional odds model using DHS datasets.', 'Mzwakhe Elmon Magagula, Shaun Ramroop and Faustin Habyarimana, Significant risk factors associated with stunting for children under the age of 5-years in Malawi: 2 The Application of proportional odds model using DHS datasets(Unknown).', 'Mzwakhe Elmon Magagula, Shaun Ramroop and Faustin Habyarimana (Unknown), Significant risk factors associated with stunting for children under the age of 5-years in Malawi: 2 The Application of proportional odds model using DHS datasets.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(520, 'Identifying climate services needs for national planning: insights from Malawi', 'Katharine Vincent, Andrew J. Dougill, Jami L. Dixon, Lindsay C. Stringer & Tracy Cull', '2015', 'Journals', '', '68922', '21 May 2021', 'The importance of climate services, i.e. providing targeted, tailored, and timely weather and climate information, has gained\r\nmomentum, but requires improved understanding of user needs. This article identifies the opportunities and barriers to the use of\r\nclimate services for planning in Malawi, to identify the types of information that can better inform future adaptation decisions in\r\nsub-Saharan Africa. From policy analysis, stakeholder interviews, and a national workshop utilizing serious games, it is determined\r\nthat only 5–10 day and seasonal forecasts are currently being used in government decision making. Impediments to\r\ngreater integration of climate services include spatial and temporal scale, accessibility, timing, credibility and the mismatch in\r\ntimeframes between planning cycles (1–5 years) and climate projections (over 20 years). Information that could more usefully\r\ninform planning decisions includes rainfall distribution within a season, forecasts with 2–3 week lead times, likely timing and\r\nlocation of extreme events in the short term (1–5 years), and projections (e.g. rainfall and temperature change) in the medium\r\nterm (6–20 years). Development of a national set of scenarios would also make climate information more accessible to decision\r\nmakers, and capacity building around such scenarios would enable its improved use in short- to medium-term planning.\r\nImproved climate science and its integration with impact models offer exciting opportunities for integrated climate-resilient\r\nplanning across sub-Saharan Africa. Accrual of positive impacts requires enhanced national capacity to interpret climate information\r\nand implement communication strategies across sectors.\r\nPolicy relevance\r\nFor climate services to achieve their goal of improving adaptation decision making, it is necessary to understand the decision\r\nmaking process and how and when various types of weather and climate information can be incorporated. Through a case study\r\nof public sector planning in Malawi, this article highlights relevant planning and policy-making processes. The current use of\r\nweather and climate information and needs, over various timescales – sub-annual to short term (1–5 years) to medium term (6–\r\n20 years) – is outlined. If climate scientists working with boundary organizations are able to address these issues in a more\r\ntargeted, sector-facing manner they will improve the uptake of climate services and the likelihood of climate-resilient decisions\r\nacross sub-Saharan Africa.\r\nKeywords: adaptation; adaptation policy; decision making; science communication; science–policy interface; serious games', 'Katharine Vincent, Andrew J. Dougill, Jami L. Dixon, Lindsay C. Stringer & Tracy Cull (2015), Identifying climate services needs for national planning: insights from Malawi.', 'Katharine Vincent, Andrew J. Dougill, Jami L. Dixon, Lindsay C. Stringer & Tracy Cull, Identifying climate services needs for national planning: insights from Malawi(2015).', 'Katharine Vincent, Andrew J. Dougill, Jami L. Dixon, Lindsay C. Stringer & Tracy Cull (2015), Identifying climate services needs for national planning: insights from Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(521, 'Livelihoods and Poverty', 'Lennart Olsson (Sweden), Maggie Opondo (Kenya), Petra Tschakert (USA), Arun Agrawal (USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Shiming Ma (China), Leisa N. Perch (Barbados), Sumaya A. Zakieldeen (Sudan)', '2014', 'Books', '', '44460', '21 May 2021', 'This chapter discusses how livelihoods, poverty and the lives of poor people, and inequality interact with climate change, climate variability,\r\nand extreme events in multifaceted and cross-scalar ways. It examines how current impacts of climate change, projected impacts up until\r\n2100, and responses to climate change affect livelihoods and poverty. The Fourth Assessment Report stated that socially and economically\r\ndisadvantaged and marginalized people are disproportionally affected by climate change. However, no comprehensive review of climate\r\nchange, poverty, and livelihoods has been undertaken to date by the IPCC. This chapter addresses this gap, presenting evidence of the dynamic\r\ninteractions between these three principal factors. At the same time, the chapter recognizes that climate change is rarely the only factor that\r\naffects livelihood trajectories and poverty dynamics; climate change interacts with a multitude of non-climatic factors, which makes detection\r\nand attribution challenging.', 'Lennart Olsson (Sweden), Maggie Opondo (Kenya), Petra Tschakert (USA), Arun Agrawal (USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Shiming Ma (China), Leisa N. Perch (Barbados), Sumaya A. Zakieldeen (Sudan) (2014), Livelihoods and Poverty.', 'Lennart Olsson (Sweden), Maggie Opondo (Kenya), Petra Tschakert (USA), Arun Agrawal (USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Shiming Ma (China), Leisa N. Perch (Barbados), Sumaya A. Zakieldeen (Sudan), Livelihoods and Poverty(2014).', 'Lennart Olsson (Sweden), Maggie Opondo (Kenya), Petra Tschakert (USA), Arun Agrawal (USA), Siri H. Eriksen (Norway), Shiming Ma (China), Leisa N. Perch (Barbados), Sumaya A. Zakieldeen (Sudan) (2014), Livelihoods and Poverty.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(522, 'Comparing cash and food transfers: a cost-benefit analysis from rural Malawi', 'Blake Audsley, Riikka Halme and Niels Balzer', 'Unknown', 'Books', '', '23432', '21 May 2021', 'The Cash and Food for Livelihoods Pilot (CFLP) project was a cash and food-forassets\r\nscheme implemented in southern Malawi over the eight months from\r\nOctober 2008 to May 2009, benefiting 11,100 households. CFLP was designed to\r\nprevent acute hunger and invest in disaster prevention and preparedness\r\nmeasures by providing cash, food and mixed cash/food transfers in exchange for\r\nparticipation in the construction of community assets, in line with food-for-assets\r\n(FFA) activities under a regular protracted relief and recovery operation (PRRO).2\r\nBy randomly selecting target beneficiaries for the different transfer types,\r\nthe project aimed to identify how cash can help WFP and similar agencies\r\nachieve their food security goals. Although previous studies of cash transfers in\r\nMalawi have demonstrated that cash can be an effective tool for both generating\r\ninvestments in human capital (Miller, 2009) and responding to humanitarian\r\nneeds (Devereux et al., 2007), few have used a randomized method to compare\r\nthe use of cash with that of food. By taking this unique approach to cash in\r\nhumanitarian contexts, the CFLP project attempted to produce learning and best\r\npractices for guiding appropriate integration of cash into the WFP response\r\ntoolkit.\r\nThis chapter describes the context and design of the cash pilot and discusses\r\nthe preliminary effects on cost efficiency and effectiveness of the food, cash and\r\nfood/cash mix employed in Malawi. Baseline and interim survey data give\r\ninsights into the short-term effects of these different transfers on the food\r\nsecurity of beneficiary households.', 'Blake Audsley, Riikka Halme and Niels Balzer (Unknown), Comparing cash and food transfers: a cost-benefit analysis from rural Malawi.', 'Blake Audsley, Riikka Halme and Niels Balzer, Comparing cash and food transfers: a cost-benefit analysis from rural Malawi(Unknown).', 'Blake Audsley, Riikka Halme and Niels Balzer (Unknown), Comparing cash and food transfers: a cost-benefit analysis from rural Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(523, 'Conservation Agriculture in Malawi: Networks, Knowledge Gaps and Research Planning', 'Stephen Whitfield, Andrew Dougill, Ben Wood, Edna Chinseu, David Mkwambisi', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '63748', '21 May 2021', 'Much has been made recently of the inefficiencies of agricultural research, innovation and extension in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in relation to the promotion of conservation agriculture (CA). The 1st African Congress on Conservation Agriculture held in Zambia in March 2014 highlighted common problems of uncoordinated effort on the part of the action-research community and persistent knowledge gaps with regards to field level performance and barriers to uptake. In this paper we present the findings of a systematic and practitioner-led approach to mapping the community of practice around CA in Malawi and identifying priorities for future research in order to inform better practice. The findings are intended as a reference point for future research planning both in terms of the questions and knowledge networks identified but also in the practitioner-led planning process described which could be broadly applied across disciplines and subjects. The paper highlights the cross-scalar and inter-disciplinary nature of CA knowledge gaps and describes the actors and networks best placed to address them, with the intention that this will form the basis of future collaborative research proposals and programmes.', 'Stephen Whitfield, Andrew Dougill, Ben Wood, Edna Chinseu, David Mkwambisi (2014), Conservation Agriculture in Malawi: Networks, Knowledge Gaps and Research Planning.', 'Stephen Whitfield, Andrew Dougill, Ben Wood, Edna Chinseu, David Mkwambisi, Conservation Agriculture in Malawi: Networks, Knowledge Gaps and Research Planning(2014).', 'Stephen Whitfield, Andrew Dougill, Ben Wood, Edna Chinseu, David Mkwambisi (2014), Conservation Agriculture in Malawi: Networks, Knowledge Gaps and Research Planning.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(524, 'Why invest in resilience?', 'UKAID', '2020', 'Public Reports', '', '98604', '21 May 2021', '►Costs of extreme weather events\r\n(droughts and floods) in Malawi are\r\nrising and undermine development\r\ngains.\r\n►►Climate change means that the\r\nfrequency and intensity of extreme\r\nweather events will continue into\r\nthe future, with negative economic\r\nimpacts accelerating after 2050\r\n►►Investing in resilience creates a\r\ntriple dividend: avoided losses,\r\ndevelopment and co-benefits\r\n►►It is cost-effective: benefit-cost ratios\r\nfor resilience investments can give\r\nreturns from 3 to 1 to 50 to 1.\r\n►►Investing in resilience will allow\r\nMalawi to meet its development goals\r\nthrough sustaining and maintaining\r\necosystems for improved performance\r\nof key sectors, including agriculture,\r\ntourism, energy and wildlife.\r\n►►Investing in resilience has a positive\r\ncontribution on building human\r\nresource capital for addressing 21st\r\ncentury challenges.', 'UKAID (2020), Why invest in resilience?.', 'UKAID, Why invest in resilience?(2020).', 'UKAID (2020), Why invest in resilience?.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(525, 'Analyzing the Enabling Environment to Enhance the Scaling of Irrigation and Water Management Technologies: A Tool for Implementers', 'Thai Thi Minh, Sander Zwart, Richard Appoh and Petra Schmitter', '2021', 'Public Reports', '', '68515', '21 May 2021', 'Agricultural innovation scaling approaches tend to be\r\nempirical but do not sufficiently take into account the\r\ncomplex realities of ‘softer elements’ such as people,\r\nsupply chains, markets, financing mechanisms, policies\r\nand regulations, professional knowledge, power\r\nrelations, incentives and history. As a consequence,\r\nscaling initiatives often do not produce the desired\r\nimpacts and, in some instances, may even produce\r\nundesirable impacts.\r\nDesigning scaling strategies that are adaptive to context\r\nand available resources requires an understanding\r\nof the enabling environment in which the scaling\r\nprocesses are embedded. This can be achieved\r\nby conducting an analysis to identify enablers and\r\nhinderers influencing farmers’ adoption of irrigation\r\nand water management technologies and introducing\r\nmeasures to ensure success. This tool provides\r\nimplementers with a structured guide to carrying out\r\nthis analysis in a specific context.', 'Thai Thi Minh, Sander Zwart, Richard Appoh and Petra Schmitter (2021), Analyzing the Enabling Environment to Enhance the Scaling of Irrigation and Water Management Technologies: A Tool for Implementers.', 'Thai Thi Minh, Sander Zwart, Richard Appoh and Petra Schmitter, Analyzing the Enabling Environment to Enhance the Scaling of Irrigation and Water Management Technologies: A Tool for Implementers(2021).', 'Thai Thi Minh, Sander Zwart, Richard Appoh and Petra Schmitter (2021), Analyzing the Enabling Environment to Enhance the Scaling of Irrigation and Water Management Technologies: A Tool for Implementers.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(526, 'Which climate services do farmers and pastoralists need in Malawi?', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Joash Mango, Martha Swamila Arame Tall, Harneet Kaur, James Hansen', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '53336', '21 May 2021', 'This report presents final findings from the baseline data collection exercise conducted for the\r\nGlobal Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) Adaptation Programme in Africa. The GFCS\r\nprogramme seeks to improve climate services for agriculture, food security, heath and disaster\r\nrisk reduction in Tanzania and Malawi. Under the auspices of this GFCS project, the CGIAR\r\nresearch program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is responsible\r\nto support baseline data collection and monitoring and evaluation to evaluate climate services\r\nfor farmers and pastoralists in both countries. The purpose of this report is to inform national\r\npartners on farmers’ current needs and access to climate information services.\r\nHouseholds interviewed in Malawi are mostly crop farmers, and have access to conventional\r\nclimate information. However, they rely more on indigenous knowledge, personal experience\r\nand traditional cropping calendar than on climate information for their farm decision-making.\r\nRespondents would like to receive more advice about improved cropping practices, and better\r\ncommunication of climate information through village meetings and in their local languages.\r\nThe climate information farmers would like to receive includes forecasts of extreme events,\r\nonset of the rains, seasonal rainfall, daily weather, and pest and diseases. These forecasts\r\nshould be timely. Seasonal forecasts should be available preferably months before the start of\r\nthe season to allow farmers to integrate them in their farm management decisions. The\r\npreferred communication channels were visits from extension agents, radio messages and\r\nSMS in cell phones. Farmers trust information from government extension agents, radio\r\npresenters and NGOs. Women particularly trust NGO workers.\r\nKeywords\r\nClimate Services; Baseline Survey; Monitoring & Evaluation; Malawi; Africa; Gender\r\nEquity.', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Joash Mango, Martha Swamila Arame Tall, Harneet Kaur, James Hansen (2015), Which climate services do farmers and pastoralists need in Malawi?.', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Joash Mango, Martha Swamila Arame Tall, Harneet Kaur, James Hansen, Which climate services do farmers and pastoralists need in Malawi?(2015).', 'Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, Joash Mango, Martha Swamila Arame Tall, Harneet Kaur, James Hansen (2015), Which climate services do farmers and pastoralists need in Malawi?.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(528, 'Capacity Development for Modernizing African Food Systems (MAFS)', 'Casper Madakadze, Tane Masamvu, Fanie Terreblanche and Isaac Minde', '2014', 'Public Reports', '', '71877', '21 May 2021', 'This paper takes an inventory of technical and institutional capacities of some selected tertiary agricultural education and training institutions (AET) in southern Africa. Data were gathered on key selected areas such as student enrolment, physical infrastructure, teaching staff, curricula, level of research and outreach, and relationship between these institutions and the communities and private sector. The objective was to learn about best practices in the management of the AET institutions which can then potentially be applied to other AET institutions. South Africa demonstrated the greatest degree of diversity in their AET institutions. What is even more remarkable is that South Africa arguably has the most market driven, demand oriented AET-sensitive curricula in southern Africa. Different institutions target different segments in the job market. This is a great lesson for many African countries who are vying to increase job opportunities for their graduates.\r\nA region-wide quality control approach is picking up substantially in the southern African AET institutions. However, it remains to be seen how seriously these standards are being domesticated in the various institutions. Linkages with the private sector and communities are areas where the AET istitutions are continuing to improve. Challenges remain in some of the institutions which are experiencing dwindling of resources and decreasing enrolments.', 'Casper Madakadze, Tane Masamvu, Fanie Terreblanche and Isaac Minde (2014), Capacity Development for Modernizing African Food Systems (MAFS).', 'Casper Madakadze, Tane Masamvu, Fanie Terreblanche and Isaac Minde, Capacity Development for Modernizing African Food Systems (MAFS)(2014).', 'Casper Madakadze, Tane Masamvu, Fanie Terreblanche and Isaac Minde (2014), Capacity Development for Modernizing African Food Systems (MAFS).', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(529, 'POVERTY IS NOT BEING REDUCED IN MOZAMBIQUE', 'Benedito Cunguara and Joseph Hanlon', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '24171', '21 May 2021', 'Human Development Index of 172 (UNDP 2009). Trying to recover after nearly three\r\ndecades of war, it became a donor darling, and aid has been rising steadily for the past decade\r\n(see Figure 1). Mozambique receives significantly more aid than neighbours at a similar level\r\n(see Table 1) – Malawi (GDP rank 172, HDI 160) and Tanzania (GDP 157, HDI 151) receive\r\nonly 60 percent per capita of the aid of Mozambique. This may be because Mozambique is\r\none of the few countries to be loyally following a neo-liberal, free market development policy\r\nand is apparently also reducing poverty (Hanlon and Smart 2008; De Renzio and Hanlon\r\n2009). Both Malawi and Tanzania have publicly opposed donor economic policies.\r\nA national family-consumption survey (IAF, Inquérito aos Agregados Familiares) in 1996-97\r\nshowed that 69 percent of the population lived below the poverty line. A similar study six\r\nyears later offered two alternative figures: 63 percent based on the same poverty line; or 54\r\npercent based on changed consumption patterns which effectively lowered the poverty line\r\n(MPF/IFPRI/PU, 2004). Poverty lines were based on food baskets; between the two surveys,\r\npoor people switched to cheaper, lower quality food, which, it was claimed, allowed the\r\npoverty line to be lowered. Perhaps not surprisingly, government and donors accepted the\r\nlower percentage, which appeared to show a dramatic fall in poverty in only six years. In\r\nkeeping with this, Mozambique’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the Action Plan to\r\nReduce Absolute Poverty 2006-2009 (Plano de Acção para a Redução da Pobreza Absoluta,\r\nPARPA II), called for a further cut to 45 percent by 2009. Some of us argued that the higher\r\npoverty figure was more realistic, because the reduction in the number of people below the\r\npoverty line came about mainly by lowering the line, and because no other survey showed\r\nsuch a dramatic fall in poverty (Hanlon and Smart 2008: 61). This provoked a fierce debate\r\nwith the authors of the IAF report (Savana, January 25, 2008). The 45 percent target has\r\nproved a hostage to fortune. Both donors and government staked their prestige on a\r\ncontinuing huge fall in poverty, but the National Agricultural Survey (Trabalho de Inquérito\r\nAgrícola, TIA), a nationally representative household-income survey, indicates that far from\r\ndeclining, poverty is actually increasing, as is the gap between rich and poor.\r\nOfficially, 70 percent of the Mozambican population is rural and agriculture is the\r\npredominant economic activity in Mozambique. The smallholder sector accounts for 99\r\npercent of all farms, which means that the further reduction in poverty called for in PARPA II\r\nis dependent on enhancing farmers’ incomes. PARPA II recognises this and prioritises\r\nagricultural development to increase rural incomes and reduce absolute poverty. PARPA II\r\ncalls for a transformation of agriculture through the promotion of agrarian services, and\r\nincreased productivity and production. We argue here that this has not happened.', 'Benedito Cunguara and Joseph Hanlon (2010), POVERTY IS NOT BEING REDUCED IN MOZAMBIQUE.', 'Benedito Cunguara and Joseph Hanlon, POVERTY IS NOT BEING REDUCED IN MOZAMBIQUE(2010).', 'Benedito Cunguara and Joseph Hanlon (2010), POVERTY IS NOT BEING REDUCED IN MOZAMBIQUE.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(530, 'Championing the poor: Branding around poverty reduction as a response to electoral competition in Malawi, 2005-2014', 'Sam Hamer', '2016', 'Public Reports', '', '72280', '21 May 2021', 'Malawian national politics since 2005 has featured two presidents, Bingu wa\r\nMutharika and Joyce Banda, who quit their respective former parties when\r\npolitical rivals impeded their paths to power. Both leaders thereafter\r\nestablished new political parties and opted to “brand” them as prioritising\r\npoverty reduction. These brands—which had programmatic, rhetorical, and\r\nsymbolic components—allowed Mutharika and Banda the possibility of\r\nachieving a broader national appeal, whereas presidential elections before\r\n2009 had been decided on the basis of regional patronage networks.\r\nMutharika’s brand suggested how he would empower smallholder farmers to be\r\nable to ensure their own food security. Mutharika achieved this outcome in his\r\nfirst term and the voters overwhelmingly returned him to office. A collapsing\r\neconomy in his second term, however, intensified national poverty. Banda’s\r\nbrand was a response to this poverty and suggested how she would be\r\ncommitted to alleviating poverty for Malawi’s marginalised groups including\r\nwomen. Her “handout” programmes endeared her to some poor Malawians\r\nwho had not benefitted from Mutharika-era growth. The 2014 election result, in\r\nwhich 36 percent of the vote was enough to win the presidency, indicates how\r\nno candidate’s political brand had earned the appeal of a majority of voters.\r\nAnalysis of Afrobarometer survey data reveals that Malawi’s citizens tend to\r\nprefer government action to address food shortages over the redress of poverty\r\ndirectly. Mutharika’s successful efforts to combat food insecurity were\r\nrelatively salient to voters in 2009. Banda’s destitution-centred efforts were less\r\nsuccessful in the 2014 election.', 'Sam Hamer (2016), Championing the poor: Branding around poverty reduction as a response to electoral competition in Malawi, 2005-2014.', 'Sam Hamer, Championing the poor: Branding around poverty reduction as a response to electoral competition in Malawi, 2005-2014(2016).', 'Sam Hamer (2016), Championing the poor: Branding around poverty reduction as a response to electoral competition in Malawi, 2005-2014.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(531, 'Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert', '2012', 'Public Reports', '', '65440', '21 May 2021', 'farmers below market rates are currently receiving a great deal of support as a sustainable\r\nstrategy to foster an African Green Revolution. In recent years numerous countries in Sub-\r\nSaharan Africa (SSA) including Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and\r\nZambia have implemented such programs at substantial cost to government and donor\r\nbudgets. For example, in 2008 Malawi spent roughly 70% of the Ministry of Agriculture’s\r\nbudget or just over 16% of the government’s total budget subsidizing fertilizer and seed. In\r\nZambia between 2004 and 2011, an average of 40% of the government’s agricultural sector\r\nbudget was devoted to fertilizer and maize seed subsidies each year.\r\nUnlike the universal input subsidies that were common prior to the agricultural market\r\nreforms of the 1980s and 1990s, many of the current input subsidy programs in SSA target\r\nthe subsidies towards households that meet certain criteria. By selecting people who would\r\nnot otherwise participate in input markets, in principle these targeted input subsidies should\r\nnot disrupt purchases of inputs at commercial prices in the way that universal input subsidies\r\ndid in the past. The extent to which input subsidies disrupt commercial purchases of inputs is\r\nan important determinant of the impact of the subsidy program on total input use. If an input\r\nsubsidy has a positive effect on purchases of inputs at commercial prices, then the subsidy\r\ncan be said to crowd in commercial purchases. On the other hand, if an input subsidy has a\r\nnegative effect on commercial purchases, then the subsidy can be said to crowd out or\r\ndisplace commercial purchases.\r\nIn this study, we use nationally representative household panel survey data from Malawi and\r\nZambia to estimate the extent to which subsidized improved maize seed and subsidized\r\nfertilizer crowd out smallholders’ commercial purchases of improved maize seed. (Improved\r\nmaize seeds are defined in the study as hybrid varieties and open pollinated varieties (OPV).)\r\nPast efforts have quantified the effects of fertilizer subsidies on commercial purchases of\r\nfertilizer but this paper is the first to quantify the effects of subsidies for both improved maize\r\nseed and fertilizer on commercial maize seed purchases. Recent evidence from Malawi\r\nsuggests that nearly half the maize yield gains from the input subsidy program come from\r\nuptake of improved maize seed. This makes it essential to understand the extent to which\r\nseed subsidies contributed to increasing improved seed use. In addition to estimating the\r\ncrowding out effects of input subsidies, the study also examines the factors affecting the\r\nquantities of subsidized inputs received by smallholder households in Malawi and Zambia.\r\nThe study highlights four key findings. First, the distribution of subsidized inputs across\r\nsmallholder households appears to be politically motivated in both Malawi and Zambia. In\r\nMalawi, other factors constant, households in districts won by the ruling party in the last\r\npresidential election receive 1.7 kilograms (kg) more subsidized maize seed and 11.4 kg more\r\nsubsidized fertilizer than households in districts lost by the ruling party. In Zambia,\r\nhouseholds in constituencies won by the ruling party receive 10.8 kg more subsidized\r\nfertilizer, and that quantity increases by 0.5 kg for each percentage point increase in the\r\nruling party’s margin of victory. Both the Malawian and Zambian governments appear to be\r\nusing subsidized inputs to reward patronage.', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert (2012), Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia.', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia(2012).', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert (2012), Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(532, 'Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert', '2012', 'Public Reports', '', '34685', '24 May 2021', 'Input subsidy programs that provide inorganic fertilizer and improved maize seed to small\r\nfarmers below market rates are currently receiving a great deal of support as a sustainable\r\nstrategy to foster an African Green Revolution. In recent years numerous countries in Sub-\r\nSaharan Africa (SSA) including Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and\r\nZambia have implemented such programs at substantial cost to government and donor\r\nbudgets. For example, in 2008 Malawi spent roughly 70% of the Ministry of Agriculture’s\r\nbudget or just over 16% of the government’s total budget subsidizing fertilizer and seed. In\r\nZambia between 2004 and 2011, an average of 40% of the government’s agricultural sector\r\nbudget was devoted to fertilizer and maize seed subsidies each year.\r\nUnlike the universal input subsidies that were common prior to the agricultural market\r\nreforms of the 1980s and 1990s, many of the current input subsidy programs in SSA target\r\nthe subsidies towards households that meet certain criteria. By selecting people who would\r\nnot otherwise participate in input markets, in principle these targeted input subsidies should\r\nnot disrupt purchases of inputs at commercial prices in the way that universal input subsidies\r\ndid in the past. The extent to which input subsidies disrupt commercial purchases of inputs is\r\nan important determinant of the impact of the subsidy program on total input use. If an input\r\nsubsidy has a positive effect on purchases of inputs at commercial prices, then the subsidy\r\ncan be said to crowd in commercial purchases. On the other hand, if an input subsidy has a\r\nnegative effect on commercial purchases, then the subsidy can be said to crowd out or\r\ndisplace commercial purchases.\r\nIn this study, we use nationally representative household panel survey data from Malawi and\r\nZambia to estimate the extent to which subsidized improved maize seed and subsidized\r\nfertilizer crowd out smallholders’ commercial purchases of improved maize seed. (Improved\r\nmaize seeds are defined in the study as hybrid varieties and open pollinated varieties (OPV).)\r\nPast efforts have quantified the effects of fertilizer subsidies on commercial purchases of\r\nfertilizer but this paper is the first to quantify the effects of subsidies for both improved maize\r\nseed and fertilizer on commercial maize seed purchases. Recent evidence from Malawi\r\nsuggests that nearly half the maize yield gains from the input subsidy program come from\r\nuptake of improved maize seed. This makes it essential to understand the extent to which\r\nseed subsidies contributed to increasing improved seed use. In addition to estimating the\r\ncrowding out effects of input subsidies, the study also examines the factors affecting the\r\nquantities of subsidized inputs received by smallholder households in Malawi and Zambia.\r\nThe study highlights four key findings. First, the distribution of subsidized inputs across\r\nsmallholder households appears to be politically motivated in both Malawi and Zambia. In\r\nMalawi, other factors constant, households in districts won by the ruling party in the last\r\npresidential election receive 1.7 kilograms (kg) more subsidized maize seed and 11.4 kg more\r\nsubsidized fertilizer than households in districts lost by the ruling party. In Zambia,\r\nhouseholds in constituencies won by the ruling party receive 10.8 kg more subsidized\r\nfertilizer, and that quantity increases by 0.5 kg for each percentage point increase in the\r\nruling party’s margin of victory. Both the Malawian and Zambian governments appear to be\r\nusing subsidized inputs to reward patronage.', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert (2012), Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia.', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia(2012).', 'Nicole M. Mason and Jacob Ricker-Gilbert (2012), Disrupting Demand for Commercial Seed: Input Subsidies in Malawi and Zambia.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(533, 'The Political Economy of Green Growth Illustrations from Southern Africa', 'James Thurlow', '2012', 'Journals', '', '98392', '24 May 2021', 'The concept of ‘green growth’ implies that a wide range of developmental objectives,\r\nsuch as job creation, economic prosperity and poverty alleviation, can be easily\r\nreconciled with environmental sustainability. This study, however, argues that rather\r\nthan being win-win, green growth is similar to most types of policy reforms that\r\nadvocate the acceptance of short-term adjustment costs in the expectation of long-term\r\ngains. In particular, green growth policies often encourage developing countries to\r\nredesign their national strategies in ways that might be inconsistent with natural\r\ncomparative advantages and past investments. In turn, there are often sizeable antireform\r\ncoalitions whose interests may conflict with a green growth agenda. We\r\nillustrate this argument using case studies of Malawi, Mozambique, and South Africa,\r\nwhich are engaged in development strategies that involve inorganic fertilizers, biofuels\r\nproduction, and coal-based energy, respectively. Each of these countries is pursuing an\r\nenvironmentally suboptimal strategy but nonetheless addressing critical development\r\nneeds, including food security, fuel, and electricity. We show that adopting a green\r\ngrowth approach would not only be economically costly but also generate substantial\r\ndomestic resistance, especially amongst the poor.\r\nKeywords: development policy, green growth, political economy, Southern Africa\r\nJEL classification: D72, N57, P48, Q00', 'James Thurlow (2012), The Political Economy of Green Growth Illustrations from Southern Africa.', 'James Thurlow, The Political Economy of Green Growth Illustrations from Southern Africa(2012).', 'James Thurlow (2012), The Political Economy of Green Growth Illustrations from Southern Africa.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(534, 'Gender divide in agricultural productivity in Mozambique', 'João Morgado and Vincenzo Salvucci', '2016', 'Journals', '', '44328', '24 May 2021', 'In this study we analyze the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Mozambique applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach on data from four agricultural surveys between 2002 and 2012. We find that female-headed households are on average substantially less productive (about 20 per cent) than male-headed households, and that differences are more pronounced in the centre-north compared to the south. The gap persists even though female-headed households are disproportionally found in relatively smaller plots, and a pronounced inverse-size productivity relation exists. We could identify some of the most important drivers of this divide linked to differences in endowments. However, a larger proportion is accounted for by the structural part, potentially linked to technical efficiency, pure discrimination, or other unobservable characteristics.\r\nKeywords: gender gap, agricultural productivity, Mozambique\r\nJEL classification: Q12, J16, O13', 'João Morgado and Vincenzo Salvucci (2016), Gender divide in agricultural productivity in Mozambique.', 'João Morgado and Vincenzo Salvucci, Gender divide in agricultural productivity in Mozambique(2016).', 'João Morgado and Vincenzo Salvucci (2016), Gender divide in agricultural productivity in Mozambique.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(535, 'Vulnerability to Poverty: A Microeconometric Approach and Application to the Republic of Haiti', 'Evans Jadotte', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '91373', '24 May 2021', 'This paper investigates vulnerability to poverty in Haiti. Research in vulnerability in\r\ndeveloping countries has been scarce due to the high data requirements of vulnerability\r\nstudies (e.g. panel or long series of cross-sections). The methodology adopted here allows\r\nthe assessment of vulnerability to poverty by exploiting the short panel structure of nested\r\ndata at different levels. The decomposition method reveals that vulnerability in Haiti is\r\nlargely a rural phenomenon and that schooling correlates negatively with vulnerability.\r\nMost importantly, among the different shocks affecting household’s income, it is found\r\nthat meso-level shocks are in general far more important than covariate shocks. This\r\nfinding points to some interesting policy implications in decentralizing policies to\r\nalleviate vulnerability to poverty.\r\nKeywords: vulnerability, poverty, hierarchical model, Republic of Haiti.\r\nJEL classification: C19, C11, I39, R20.', 'Evans Jadotte (2010), Vulnerability to Poverty: A Microeconometric Approach and Application to the Republic of Haiti.', 'Evans Jadotte, Vulnerability to Poverty: A Microeconometric Approach and Application to the Republic of Haiti(2010).', 'Evans Jadotte (2010), Vulnerability to Poverty: A Microeconometric Approach and Application to the Republic of Haiti.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(536, 'HIV/AIDS, Climate Change and Disaster Management: Challenges for Institutions in Malawi', 'Pablo Suarez Precious Givah Kelvin Storey Alexander Lotsch', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '69932', '24 May 2021', 'Southern African institutions involved in disaster\r\nmanagement face two major new threats: the HIV/\r\nAIDS pandemic (eroding organizational capacity and\r\nincreasing vulnerability of the population), and climate\r\nchange (higher risk of extreme events and disasters).\r\nAnalyzing the combined effects of these two threats on\r\nsix disaster-related institutions in Malawi, the authors\r\nfind evidence of a growing gap between demand for their\r\nservices and capacity to satisfy that demand. HIV/AIDS\r\nleads to staff attrition, high vacancy rates, absenteeism, increased workload and other negative effects enhanced\r\nby human resources policies and financial limitations.\r\nMany necessary tasks cannot be carried out adequately\r\nwith constraints such as the 42 percent vacancy rate in\r\nthe Department of Poverty and Disaster Management\r\nAffairs, or the reduction of rainfall stations operated by\r\nthe Meteorological Service from over 800 in 1988 to\r\njust 135 in 2006. The authors highlight implications\r\nof declining organizational capacity for climate change\r\nadaptation, and formulate recommendations.', 'Pablo Suarez Precious Givah Kelvin Storey Alexander Lotsch (2008), HIV/AIDS, Climate Change and Disaster Management: Challenges for Institutions in Malawi.', 'Pablo Suarez Precious Givah Kelvin Storey Alexander Lotsch, HIV/AIDS, Climate Change and Disaster Management: Challenges for Institutions in Malawi(2008).', 'Pablo Suarez Precious Givah Kelvin Storey Alexander Lotsch (2008), HIV/AIDS, Climate Change and Disaster Management: Challenges for Institutions in Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(537, 'Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '13368', '24 May 2021', 'Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence\r\nfarmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have\r\nemerged in recent years to address these threats: the use\r\nof seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for\r\nexample, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for\r\nexpected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative\r\nfinancial instruments for risk sharing (for example,\r\nindex-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit\r\nfor agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have\r\nremained entirely separated. This paper explores the\r\nintegration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot\r\ninsurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The\r\nauthors propose a model that adjusts the amount of highyield\r\nagricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season.\r\nSimulation results—combining climatic, agricultural,\r\nand financial models—indicate that this approach\r\nsubstantially increases production in La Niña years\r\n(when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and\r\nreduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall\r\noften damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are\r\nmore than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given\r\nmodeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of\r\nwealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for\r\nparticipating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential\r\nof this approach for adaptation to climate variability and\r\nchange in southern Africa.', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra (2008), Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi.', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra, Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi(2008).', 'Daniel E. Osgood Pablo Suarez James Hansen Miguel Carriquiry Ashok Mishra (2008), Integrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation among Subsistence Farmers: The Case of Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(538, 'National Drought Insurance for Malawi', 'Joanna Syroka Antonio Nucifora', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '96363', '24 May 2021', 'Malawi has experienced several catastrophic droughts\r\nover the past few decades. The impact of these shocks\r\nhas been far reaching, and the resulting macroeconomic\r\ninstability has been a major constraint to growth and\r\npoverty reduction in Malawi. This paper describes a\r\nweather risk management tool that has been developed\r\nto help the government manage the financial impact of\r\ndrought-related national maize production shortfalls. The\r\ninstrument is an index-based weather derivative contract\r\ndesigned to transfer the financial risk of severe and\r\ncatastrophic national drought that adversely impacts the\r\ngovernment’s budget to the international risk markets.\r\nBecause rainfall and maize yields are highly correlated,\r\nchanges in rainfall—its timing, cumulative amount, and\r\ndistribution—can act as an accurate proxy for maize\r\nlosses. An index has been constructed using rainfall data from 23 weather stations throughout Malawi and\r\nuses daily rainfall as an input to predict maize yields\r\nand therefore production throughout the country. The\r\nindex picks up the well documented historical drought\r\nevents in 2005, 1995, 1994, and 1992 and a weather\r\nderivative contract based on such an index would have\r\ntriggered timely cash payouts to the government in those\r\nyears. This innovative risk management instrument was\r\npioneered in 2008/2009 by the Government of Malawi,\r\nwith the assistance of the World Bank, and was a first\r\nfor a sovereign entity in Africa. Several piloting seasons\r\nwill be necessary to understand the scope and limitations\r\nof such contracts, and their role in the government’s\r\nstrategy, contingency planning, and operational drought\r\nresponse framework.', 'Joanna Syroka Antonio Nucifora (2010), National Drought Insurance for Malawi.', 'Joanna Syroka Antonio Nucifora, National Drought Insurance for Malawi(2010).', 'Joanna Syroka Antonio Nucifora (2010), National Drought Insurance for Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(539, 'Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development', 'Ephraim Nkonya, Alisher Mirzabaev and Joachim von Braun', '2016', 'Books', '', '32695', '24 May 2021', 'Land degradation is occurring in almost all terrestrial biomes and\r\nagro-ecologies, in both low and high income countries. However its impact is\r\nespecially severe on the livelihoods of the poor who heavily depend on natural\r\nresources. Despite the severe impact of land degradation on the poor and the crucial\r\nrole that land plays in human welfare and development, investments in sustainable\r\nland management (SLM) are low, especially in developing countries. This chapter\r\nsummarizes the results from global and regional levels as well as 12 case study\r\ncountries. The chapter also draws conclusions and implications for taking action\r\nagainst land degradation. Land degradation stretches to about 30 % of the total\r\nglobal land area and about three billion people reside in degraded lands. The annual\r\nglobal cost of land degradation due to land use/cover change (LUCC) and using\r\nland degrading management practices on static cropland and grazing land is about\r\n300 billion USD. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for the largest share (22 %) of\r\nthe total global cost of land degradation. Only about 46 % of the cost of land\r\ndegradation due to LUCC—which accounts for 78 % of the US$300 billion loss—\r\nis borne by land users and the remaining share (54 %) is borne by consumers of\r\necosystem services off the farm. This further illustrates that land degradation is a\r\nglobal problem even though its impact is much greater on poor land users. The cost\r\nof taking action against land degradation is much lower than the cost of inaction\r\nand the returns to taking action are high. On average, one US dollar investment into\r\nrestoration of degraded land returns five US dollars. This provides a strong\r\nincentive for taking action against land degradation. This study shows that simul-taneously enhancing local and national level governments, land tenure security, and\r\nimproving market access is the most effective strategy for addressing land degradation.\r\nGiven that LUCC accounts for the largest share of cost of land degradation,\r\nthere is a need for developing land use planning that will ensure that forests and\r\nother high value biomes are effectively protected. Empirical evidence has shown\r\nthat involvement of local communities in managing forests and other high value\r\nbiomes and creating mechanisms for them to directly benefit from their conservation\r\nefforts lead to more effective protection than is the case with centralized protection.\r\nThe assessment in this volume is being conducted at a time when there is an\r\nelevated interest in private land investments and when global efforts to achieve\r\nsustainable development objectives have intensified. This means, results of this\r\nvolume will contribute significantly to the ongoing policy debate and efforts to\r\ndesign strategies for achieving sustainable development goals and other efforts to\r\naddress land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.\r\nKeywords Economics of land degradation and improvement  Sustainable land\r\nmanagement  Cost of action  Ecosystem services', 'Ephraim Nkonya, Alisher Mirzabaev and Joachim von Braun (2016), Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development.', 'Ephraim Nkonya, Alisher Mirzabaev and Joachim von Braun, Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development(2016).', 'Ephraim Nkonya, Alisher Mirzabaev and Joachim von Braun (2016), Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development.', '0001economic of land.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(540, 'AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL', 'Redson Edward Kapindu', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '40426', '24 May 2021', 'Many migrants from Southern Africa come to South Africa every year in search of a better life. This article explores the extent to which foreign African migrants are covered or excluded by the social protection regime in South Africa, using the situation of Malawian migrants as a case study. The article demonstrates that there are both normative (or formal) exclusions, as well as practical exclusions from social protection faced by these migrants. In light of this grim reality, the article explores the various survival strategies that these migrants adopt in order to hedge against the risk of socio-economic shocks. The article shows that there are well-developed informal social protection networks largely based on nationality and kinship. Another key finding in the study is that, for many migrants, the movement to South Africa is in itself a social protection measure to protect against existing or future socio-economic risks and vulnerabilities in their native state. The article suggests that the experiences of Malawian migrants in Johannesburg are similar to the experiences of foreign migrants in various metropolitan societies in Eastern and Southern Africa.\r\n', 'Redson Edward Kapindu (2011), AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL.', 'Redson Edward Kapindu, AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL(2011).', 'Redson Edward Kapindu (2011), AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(541, 'Savings Defaults and Payment Delays for Cash Transfers: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi', 'Lasse Brune†, Xavier Gin´e‡, Jessica Goldberg§, and Dean Yang¶', '2017', 'Public Reports', '', '85967', '24 May 2021', 'Financial products and transfer schemes are typically designed to improve welfare by helping individuals follow through on their intertemporal plans. We implement an artefactual ﬁeld experiment in Malawi to test the ability of households to manage a cash windfall by varying whether 474 households receive a payment in cash or through direct deposit into pre-established accounts at a local bank. Payments are made immediately, with one day delay, or with eight days delay. Defaulting the payments into savings accounts leads to higher net deposits into bank accounts, an eﬀect that persists for a number of weeks afterwards. However, neither savings defaults nor payment delays aﬀect the amount or composition of spending, suggesting that households manage cash eﬀectively without the use of formal ﬁnancial products', 'Lasse Brune†, Xavier Gin´e‡, Jessica Goldberg§, and Dean Yang¶ (2017), Savings Defaults and Payment Delays for Cash Transfers: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi.', 'Lasse Brune†, Xavier Gin´e‡, Jessica Goldberg§, and Dean Yang¶, Savings Defaults and Payment Delays for Cash Transfers: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi(2017).', 'Lasse Brune†, Xavier Gin´e‡, Jessica Goldberg§, and Dean Yang¶ (2017), Savings Defaults and Payment Delays for Cash Transfers: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(543, 'b r i d g i n g  t h e  g e n d e r  d i v i d e: H O W  T E C H N O L O G Y  C A N  A D V A N C E  W O M E N  E C O N O M I C A L LY', 'Kirrin Gill Kim Brooks Janna McDougall Payal Patel Aslihan Kes', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '33320', '25 May 2021', 'Technology defines our era. In the past few decades, numerous innovations—including ever-shrinking computers, mobile phones, and alternative energies—have been introduced in homes andworkplaces,changingthewaywelive,howwework,andwhatwe’reabletodo. BridgingtheGenderDivide:HowTechnologyCanAdvanceWomenEconomically examines why technology is essential to women’seconomicadvancementandclarifieshowitputstheprocess inmotionbyshowcasingtechnologiesthathavehelpedwomenindevelopingcountriesto increasetheirproductivity,createnewentrepreneurialventures, or otherwise access new income-generating pursuits.\r\nThis paper builds on ICRW’s long-standing research and program work on the realities of what ittakestoenablewomentoincreasetheirresourcesandeconomicopportunities,andstrengthen their ability to compete in market economies. Most important, it speaks to the growing number ofactorsdrivinginnovationfromthepublic,private,andsocialsectorswithpracticalrecommendations on how to improve the way technologies are developed and deployed so they benefit women and enable them to be more successful economic actors, stronger leaders, and greater contributors to their families, communities, and domestic economies', 'Kirrin Gill Kim Brooks Janna McDougall Payal Patel Aslihan Kes (2010), b r i d g i n g  t h e  g e n d e r  d i v i d e: H O W  T E C H N O L O G Y  C A N  A D V A N C E  W O M E N  E C O N O M I C A L LY.', 'Kirrin Gill Kim Brooks Janna McDougall Payal Patel Aslihan Kes, b r i d g i n g  t h e  g e n d e r  d i v i d e: H O W  T E C H N O L O G Y  C A N  A D V A N C E  W O M E N  E C O N O M I C A L LY(2010).', 'Kirrin Gill Kim Brooks Janna McDougall Payal Patel Aslihan Kes (2010), b r i d g i n g  t h e  g e n d e r  d i v i d e: H O W  T E C H N O L O G Y  C A N  A D V A N C E  W O M E N  E C O N O M I C A L LY.', '0002howtechnologycan advanced.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(544, 'impacts of the fertilizer subsidy programme in malawi: targeting, household perceptions and preferences ', 'Stein holden and rodney lunduka ', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '63009', '25 May 2021', 'Malawi has over the last four years embarked on a comprehensive fertilizer and seed subsidy programme to boost its agricultural production and to enhance food security in the country. The programme aims to provide coupons for purchase of subsidized fertilizer and seeds to targeted poor rural households. It is of high interest to know more about the efficiency of the fertilizerseed targeting programme in reaching poor households, the productivity and food security impacts of the subsidized fertilizers and seeds, and whether fertilizer subsidies crowd out organic manures and other crops than maize. The targeting of fertilizer subsidies is affected by the fact that informal markets for fertilizer coupons as well as for subsidized fertilizers have emerged and which have productivity, poverty and equity effects that have not been studied in earlier impact assessments of the programme. In this report we provide new evidence on the extent of leakages of coupons and seeds from the administrative programme and how these leakages re-enter the rural economies through the informal markets. The targeting efficiency of the administrative coupon system is assessed given the targeting criteria. The relationships between household characteristics and access to administratively targeted coupons, purchased coupons and purchased cheap fertilizers are analysed. The impacts of the programme are assessed with a number of indicators at household and village levels based on household perceptions. Household preferences for fertilizer, willingness and ability to pay are examined through a number of social experiments. The objectives of the project were to identify  \r\n1) The extent to which poor rural households benefit from the targeted fertilizer and seed subsidy programme by receiving coupons for seeds and fertilizers that they are able to use to boost their own farm production to enhance their food security, income, and build-up of assets, 2) The extent to which the targeted fertilizer and seed subsidy programme results in efficient utilization of these inputs through enhancement of farm plot level land productivity, 3) The productivity of alternative seed varieties of maize (HYVs, OPVs, recycled seeds, local seeds), 4) The extent to which fertilizer subsidies for maize crowd out other crops and the use of organic manures and have other sustainable land management implications,  \r\nThis report primarily addresses objective 1) and provides a partial analysis of objective 4) based on analysis at household level. The next report will contain the more detailed analyses using farm plot level data. This report is fairly short and intends to make key findings easily accessible to readers from different disciplines. Some references are provided to earlier studies to make clear what is new or different in this study as compared to earlier findings. We plan to produce more thorough analyses for publications in scientific journals', 'Stein holden and rodney lunduka  (2010), impacts of the fertilizer subsidy programme in malawi: targeting, household perceptions and preferences .', 'Stein holden and rodney lunduka , impacts of the fertilizer subsidy programme in malawi: targeting, household perceptions and preferences (2010).', 'Stein holden and rodney lunduka  (2010), impacts of the fertilizer subsidy programme in malawi: targeting, household perceptions and preferences .', '0003impactoffertilizer.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(545, 'Food Security and Agricultural Livelihoods Cluster', 'FAO', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '35575', '25 May 2021', 'The Plan of Action (PoA) is a planning tool conceived to concretely and efficiently set a technically appropriate framework for interventions by the Uganda FSAL agencies in Northern Uganda in the 2008/09 period. It is a ‘live’ and dynamic document reflecting the premise, progress, and results of a crisis management programme cycle. Conceptually, the PoA aims to contribute to the formulation of the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) in terms of information and targeting. Alternatively, in the absence of an institutional tool, the PoA can sustain the appealing process as well as advocate for a ‘connectedness’ between the emergency and development assistance. Operationally, the realisation of the PoA is achieved through the existing food security and agricultural livelihoods interagency cluster and this framework have the buy-in, ownership and support of local and central Government, communities, national and international NGOs, UN agencies and donors. The interagency cluster - co-chaired by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), FAO and WFP - provides a forum for information exchange and consensus building, ultimately leading to an enhanced response and a more balanced allocation of resources. The PoA’s structure follows the sequence of a logical framework progressing from Situation Analysis to Response Options Analysis, Response Planning, Response Implementation, and Monitoring and Evaluation. In order to effectively reflect the changing context of the North, the PoA will be periodically updated to incorporate additional information and adjust the response to the new situation whenever required. Additional video documents will be developed to detail implementation methodologies for specific activities selected on best practices considerations. The2008/09PlanofActionforNorthernUgandahasbeendesignedtotacklesomekeyaspectsof foodinsecurityforrural-poorcommunitiesinpost-conflictsituationareas(NorthernUganda)and marginal productive areas (North-Eastern Uganda), by using and building on existing bottom-up and community-based approaches. Furthermore, the document has been developed as a complementary livelihood, food security and vulnerability reduction tool to link the 2008 Uganda CAP with longer-term strategic documents.Inparticular,the2008/09PoAlinkstothePovertyEradicationActionPlan(PEAP),the Poverty Reduction Development Plan (PRDP), the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) strategy for Northern Uganda, the Uganda Food and Nutrition Strategy the Karamoja Integrated DisarmamentandDevelopmentProgramme(KIDDP)andthedrafttransitionstrategyfortheLRAaffected North. Finally, the PoA also complements the UN consultative process for the Horn of Africa initiative which was initiated at the request of the UN Special Humanitarian Envoy for the Horn of Africa, Kjell Magne Bondevik, in November 2006. As an expression of its commitment to the Horn of Africa process, GOU has given its support to the development of this PoA for the Food Security Cluster, and the PoA itself draws on the recommendations and proposed actions provided by the Uganda Horn of Africa Report1', 'FAO (2007), Food Security and Agricultural Livelihoods Cluster.', 'FAO, Food Security and Agricultural Livelihoods Cluster(2007).', 'FAO (2007), Food Security and Agricultural Livelihoods Cluster.', '0003foodecurityandagriculty.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(546, 'Index insurance and climate risk: Prospects for development and disaster management', 'Molly E. Hellmuth, Daniel E. Osgood, Ulrich Hess, Anne Moorhead and Haresh Bhojwani ', '2009', 'Public Reports', '', '44404', '25 May 2021', 'There is much debate about the implications of climate change for index insurance, centered around the following three questions. Can index insurance contribute to adaptation strategies in developing countries? Can it play a role in managing the uncertainty associated with climate change? And does climate change challenge the viability of index-based insurance products? There are at least three ways in which index insurance might help build adaptive capacity: as a risk transfer mechanism within a comprehensive strategy for managing climate risk in the face of climate change; as a mechanism to help people access the resources needed to escape climate-related poverty; and as a mechanism to incentivize risk reduction. A comprehensive strategy for adaptation in the agricultural sector, for example, could include adapted crop varieties, microirrigation, rainwater harvesting and improved soil conservation practices. However, a certain \r\namount of risk would remain – and this remaining risk might be covered by index insurance. The second way index insurance can contribute to adaptation is through building more resilient livelihoods by enabling access to increased credit, technology and inputs. Insured loans allow lenders to recuperate their money even in a year where the climate causes production losses. The loans allow people to invest in more intensive livelihood strategies which may help them to escape poverty traps. The increase in wealth and in economic resilience allows people to buffer themselves from the direct impacts of the climate. Beyond this, a key challenge in designing insurance in the face of climate change is to incentivize risk reduction through price signals and risk management stipulations. For example, contracts could stipulate that certain risk reduction mechanisms, such as the adoption of wind-resistant cropping patterns or drought-tolerant crop varieties, must be in place if crops are to be covered. In Ethiopia, a pilot project is testing a scheme in which cash-constrained farmers pay for insurance premiums through their labor on community assets which reduce risk, such as water-harvesting structures. The cost of the premiums in this project contains a component that is a price signal to reflect long-term trends (Oxfam America, 2009; see ‘A farmercentric approach in Ethiopia’ on page 44 and ‘Climate variability and change and index insurance’ on page 38).', 'Molly E. Hellmuth, Daniel E. Osgood, Ulrich Hess, Anne Moorhead and Haresh Bhojwani  (2009), Index insurance and climate risk: Prospects for development and disaster management.', 'Molly E. Hellmuth, Daniel E. Osgood, Ulrich Hess, Anne Moorhead and Haresh Bhojwani , Index insurance and climate risk: Prospects for development and disaster management(2009).', 'Molly E. Hellmuth, Daniel E. Osgood, Ulrich Hess, Anne Moorhead and Haresh Bhojwani  (2009), Index insurance and climate risk: Prospects for development and disaster management.', '0005indexinsuranceand.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(548, 'Drought Risk Reduction Framework and Practices Contributing to the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action', 'the United Nations secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)', '2009', 'Public Reports', '', '92863', '25 May 2021', 'Drought is a slow-onset natural hazard that allows for the implementation of disaster risk reduction measures as requested by the Hyogo Framework for Action. In order for planners and the public to implement effective mitigation and preparedness measures to reduce drought impacts, they have to understand its evolution, complexity, social implications and people’s vulnerability. To this end, wide-ranging and well-coordinated efforts at international, regional, and national levels are needed to build drought-resilient communities and societies. \r\nDrought is a natural part of climate, although it may be erroneously considered as a rare and random event. It occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Drought is a temporary aberration; it differs from aridity, which is restricted to low rainfall regions. \r\nDrought is categorized as a hydro-meteorological hazard. According to the UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction 2009, “hazard” is defined as “a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage”. In technical settings, hazards are often described quantitatively by the likely frequency of occurrence of different intensities for different areas, as determined from historical data or scientific analysis. \r\nA broad definition of drought is a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, which results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sectors. However, in terms of typologies, droughts are classified as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socio-economic. \r\nMeteorological drought is a natural event that results from climatic causes, which differ from region to region. Agricultural, hydrological, and socio-economic drought, however, place greater emphasis on the human or social aspects of drought. They highlight the interaction between the natural characteristics of meteorological drought and human activities that depend on precipitation to provide adequate water supplies to meet societal and environmental demands.\r\nMultilateral Environmental Agreements such as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are also strongly linked to some aspects of drought risk reduction framework and practices. The UNCCD has its specific definition of “drought” as “the naturally occurring phenomenon that exists when precipitation has been significantly below normal recorded levels, causing serious hydrological imbalances that adversely affect land resource production systems”.\r\nThe risk associated with drought for any region or group is a product of the exposure to the natural hazard and the vulnerability of the society to the event. The UNISDR definition for “vulnerability” is “the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Leaders and planners in drought-prone regions should conduct risk assessments to both better understand the drought hazard and identify the factors and processes concerning who and what is most at risk to drought, and why. ', 'the United Nations secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2009), Drought Risk Reduction Framework and Practices Contributing to the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.', 'the United Nations secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), Drought Risk Reduction Framework and Practices Contributing to the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action(2009).', 'the United Nations secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2009), Drought Risk Reduction Framework and Practices Contributing to the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action.', '0006droughtriskng.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(549, 'Progress in economic conditions: A recent example of progress in Malawi', ' Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '65603', '25 May 2021', 'Malawi is a new and increasingly recognised example of progress in economic conditions. The country has enjoyed seven years of uninterrupted economic growth. Between 2004 and 2009, it averaged 7% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates, performing well above the sub-Saharan average of 5% per year. This progress has been paralleled with notable poverty reduction (NSO, 2009). Nationally reported figures show a decline in the rate of poverty from 52% to 39% between 2004 and 2009. There has also been a notable drop in inequality, with the Gini coefficient falling from 62 in 1993 to 39 in 2004.1 In terms of human development, using Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the country ranks among the top 20 performers, in relation to both absolute and relative progress (ODI, 2010). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the UN Secretary-General have both lauded Malawi as a success story. The reality is more complicated than the macro indicators reflect, however. Malawi presents a complex and mixed picture of progress. It is essentially a story of progress in economic conditions since 2004, driven by macroeconomic stability, an appropriate and effective input subsidy programme, improved policy coherence and strengthened national ownership of development policy. Nevertheless, the story is complicated in that a set of precarious factors has underpinned progress, which raises valid concerns about sustainability. This illustrates that progress in development is neither linear nor perfect, and not all good things occur simultaneously. Malawi provides a more realistic picture of progress in development: three steps forward, two steps backward, one step sideways. Nevertheless, if the country is able to address the fundamental challenges facing it, it may continue to enjoy progress in economic conditions.\r\n', ' Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird (2011), Progress in economic conditions: A recent example of progress in Malawi.', ' Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird, Progress in economic conditions: A recent example of progress in Malawi(2011).', ' Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird (2011), Progress in economic conditions: A recent example of progress in Malawi.', '0006progressineconomic.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(550, 'SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY IN A WARMING WORLD', 'Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton', '2010', 'Books', '', '94763', '25 May 2021', 'For too long, global warming has been viewed as tomorrow’s problem. The overwhelming evidence now suggests that climate change exacerbates existing development challenges, further exposing the vulnerability of the poor, and pushing those living on the margins closer to the edge. For those people most at risk, climate change is a crisis today. The rights, interests, and needs of those affected must take center stage as an issue of global social justice. This volume brings together the ﬁ nal versions of papers that were presented ﬁ rst at an international workshop on the social dimensions of climate change, held by the World Bank in Washington, DC, on March 5–6, 2008. Other chapters were commissioned for this volume. A full report of the workshop is available separately. Taken together, these publications aim to amplify the voices of those people who are most at risk from climate change and to establish the basis for a compelling research and policy agenda on the social dimensions of climate change. Our goal at the World Bank is to help developing countries realize the promise of sustainable development through the progressive achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Our vision is to contribute to an inclusive and sustainable globalization—to overcome poverty, enhance growth with care for the environment, and create individual opportunity and hope. Climate change alters the context of this work and thus demands new approaches, policies, and tools to help developing countries meet the challenges of reconciling climate action with the development and growth agenda. For many years, the World Bank has been a focal point for ﬁ nancing on climate change, and today it is a major lender for renewable energy and energy efﬁ ciency. We also are at the forefront of developing the carbon market. The newly adopted Climate Investment Funds and Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change enhance our capacity to facilitate demonstration, deployment, and transfer of low-carbon technologies; and they increase our focus on building climate resilience in vulnerable nations. Building on the foundation laid in the March 2008 workshop, the World Bank’s Social Development Department is now leading efforts to promote socially inclusive, climate-resilient policies and operations in client countries. I am conﬁ dent that the innovative global agenda described in this volume will contribute to a more holistic analysis of climate change impacts on human and social systems; increase our understanding of vulnerability; and strengthen our capacity to build social justice, accountability, and equity into climate policy.', 'Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton (2010), SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY IN A WARMING WORLD.', 'Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton, SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY IN A WARMING WORLD(2010).', 'Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton (2010), SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY IN A WARMING WORLD.', '0007socialdimension.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(551, 'Social Protection for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)', 'Mpho Makhema', '2009', 'Public Reports', '', '19881', '25 May 2021', 'This report provides an overview of the provision of social protection to refugees and asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). This includes analyzing the legal framework and levels of implementation, as well as proposing policy directions on the national and regional levels. After giving an overview of the region’s historical and legal context, the report focuses on the case studies of Botswana and South Africa to illustrate the wide variation of social protection framework and practices in the region.  \r\nJEL Classification: K33, F22, K49 Keywords: International Law, Refugees, Southern African Development Community, Social Protection, International Migration ', 'Mpho Makhema (2009), Social Protection for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC).', 'Mpho Makhema, Social Protection for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)(2009).', 'Mpho Makhema (2009), Social Protection for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC).', '0007socialprotectionforref.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(552, 'Baseline characterization of production and markets, technologies and preferences, and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and communities affected by HIV/AIDS in Malawi', 'A.D. Alene, M. Khonje, J. Mwalughali, C. Chafuwa, A. Longwe, R. Khataza,  E. Kapalasa, I. Madzorera, T. Gondwe, M. Mussagy, P. Ntawuruhunga,  S. Boahen, B. Maziya-Dixon, and D. Chikoye', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '21440', '25 May 2021', 'Agriculture, health, and nutrition are inherently intertwined and all sectors seek to improve human well-being, but agriculture has rarely been explicitly deployed as a tool to address poor health and under-nutrition in developing countries. Poverty is responsible for poor health and under-nutrition, but it is also widely recognized that agriculture has the potential to greatly reduce poverty. Some 75 percent of the world’s poor people live in rural areas, and strong agricultural growth could raise the incomes of rural people and help to pull millions out of poverty, thus overcoming under-nutrition and poor health. Agriculture is the only realistic way for most people to get the nutrition they need. Farmers are now being encouraged to grow more nutritious crops. One example of this approach is already being tried with an effort to promote biofortified crops—that is, staple crops that have been bred to contain high levels of micronutrients, such as vitamin A or iron. The nutritional quality of foods can also be enhanced during processing and retailing. Consumers can be encouraged to accept, and even seek, more nutritious foods as efforts continue to be made to make such foods available and affordable. It is worth noting, however, that the links between agriculture on the one hand and health and nutrition on the other work both ways. Given that agriculture is highly labor-intensive in many poor countries, productive agriculture requires the labor of healthy and well-nourished people. People who suffer from malnutrition and poor health are less able to do the work required for agricultural production. Nutritional deficits and disease have been shown to impair people’s physical and cognitive capacities. The result in many regions of the world has been a downward spiral of low agricultural productivity, low income, poverty, and poor nutrition and health. In an effort to unleash the potential of agriculture and agricultural research to achieve health and nutritional outcomes in Africa, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and its partners are implementing a multi-country and multi-year project entitled Making Agricultural Innovations Work for Smallholder Farmers affected by HIV and AIDS in Southern Africa (MIRACLE). The major goal of the project is to improve the health and nutritional status, food security, and income of people affected by HIV and AIDS in southern Africa through the production, consumption, and marketing of nutritionally enhanced crop and livestock products, advocating supportive agricultural and health policies, and strengthening the capacity of key stakeholders engaged in agricultural activities. Expected outputs of the project include: (1) strengthened institutions and improved partnership and stakeholder capacity to enhance access to rural support services by people affected by HIV and AIDS; (2) dissemination and deployment of farm productivity-enhancing innovations that improve food security, nutrition, and health; (3) enhanced nutrition through dietary improvement and diversification; (4) successful transition to sustainable reliance on own-produced nutritious foods and income generation; (5) development and promotion of value addition and products from diverse nutrient-dense crops; and (6) advocacy for appropriate policy options for linking agriculture and nutrition to improved human health. The project is being implemented in HIV/AIDS hotspots in four countries: Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Zambia. The priority action sites are those where research and development partners already have ongoing activities, such as the provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), and interventions in nutrition or agriculture. The MIRACLE project adds value to the existing initiatives by improving linkages between agriculture, nutrition, and health. As one of the countries highly dependent on agriculture and affected by HIV/AIDS in southern Africa, Malawi is one of the target countries for the MIRACLE project. Globally, Malawi is ranked eighth in terms of HIV/AIDS prevalence. Women are particularly disproportionately affected by the epidemic (Simwaka et al. 2011). There is a consensus that among the adverse impacts of HIV/AIDS on smallholder agriculture is a reduction in crop production (Asingwire and Kyomuhendo 2003; Yamano and Jayne 2004; Thangata et al. 2007) and ultimately food and nutrition insecurity. This is mainly due to loss of labor resulting from HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality.', 'A.D. Alene, M. Khonje, J. Mwalughali, C. Chafuwa, A. Longwe, R. Khataza,  E. Kapalasa, I. Madzorera, T. Gondwe, M. Mussagy, P. Ntawuruhunga,  S. Boahen, B. Maziya-Dixon, and D. Chikoye (2013), Baseline characterization of production and markets, technologies and preferences, and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and communities affected by HIV/AIDS in Malawi.', 'A.D. Alene, M. Khonje, J. Mwalughali, C. Chafuwa, A. Longwe, R. Khataza,  E. Kapalasa, I. Madzorera, T. Gondwe, M. Mussagy, P. Ntawuruhunga,  S. Boahen, B. Maziya-Dixon, and D. Chikoye, Baseline characterization of production and markets, technologies and preferences, and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and communities affected by HIV/AIDS in Malawi(2013).', 'A.D. Alene, M. Khonje, J. Mwalughali, C. Chafuwa, A. Longwe, R. Khataza,  E. Kapalasa, I. Madzorera, T. Gondwe, M. Mussagy, P. Ntawuruhunga,  S. Boahen, B. Maziya-Dixon, and D. Chikoye (2013), Baseline characterization of production and markets, technologies and preferences, and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and communities affected by HIV/AIDS in Malawi.', '0008Baselinecharacterizationofproduction and markets,.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(553, 'MALAWI GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (MGDS) II REVIEW AND COUNTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT   ', 'MINISTRY OF FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (MFEPD) ', '2016', 'Government Reports', '', '11386', '25 May 2021', 'Analysis of MGDS II achievements 1.1 The Government of Malawi must be complimented for embarking on an ambitious strategy for the country over the past 5 years. Malawi developed many sectoral policies and strategies which became part of the overall strategy to implement the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS II). Despite unforeseen challenges, the country has placed itself on a path where, if certain bold steps are taken, the achievement of sound national transformation and self-sustaining growth and development can be reality.  \r\n1.2 Malawi made significant progress towards achievement of some of the targets relating to the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The country registered remarkable progress in the national response to HIV and AIDS, as evidenced through the decline in the number of new HIV infections and decline in AIDS related deaths.  Malawi’s rapid and successful Antiretroviral Therapy (ARV) scale up has critically influenced the HIV epidemic reducing mortality, morbidity and transmission. Malawi achieved and surpassed the MDG target on provision of safe drinking water. However, there remain large segments of the population in need of safe drinking water nation-wide.     \r\n1.3 While this Review notes the need to accelerate efforts towards achieving gender equality, some steady progress has been registered during the MGDS II implementation period. Between 2012 and 2014, the country had women’s representation at the highest political level. There has been increased girl to boy ratio in primary and secondary education enrollment, leading to parity. An enabling legal environment has also been created for the promotion of gender equality and women empowerment through the enactment of laws related to inheritance, gender equality, marriage and trafficking. The relevance of gender responsive laws and policies is gradually being appreciated in emerging frameworks (for example, transport, mining, energy). Contraceptive prevalence rate has increased from 42 percent in 2010 to 58.7 percent in 2014, thus closing in on the MDG target of 60 percent. Despite remaining high, maternal mortality rates declined from 675/100,000 live births deaths in 2010 to 574 deaths/100,000 live births in 2014. Although concrete institutionalization remains outstanding, the pursuit of gender programming by ‘non-traditional’ Ministries such as Transport and Trade has been encouraging. So has the championing of the ‘He for She’ agenda at the highest political level.  \r\n1.4 The Government of Malawi (GoM) thrust on Public Sector Reform, Public Financial Management (PFM), IFMIS, Organisational Performance Agreements, implementation of the Decentralisation Policy, are all steps in the right direction. The Programme Based Budgeting, currently being pilot tested in a number of sectors is also a commendable effort by the GoM to steer the country into self-sustaining growth and development. The embracing of the Sector-Wide Approaches (SWAps) and establishment of Technical Working Groups (TWGs) in a number of key sectors such as Agriculture and Food Security, Transport, Water Supply and Irrigation, Education, Health, Trade, Industry and Private Sector is a major effort undertaken by the Government of Malawi to establish functional structures to spearhead the implementation of the MGDS II. Through the Department of Economic Planning and Development, the GoM also sought to strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems across the sectors, from central to decentralized levels. This is with a view to strengthening evidence-based planning. Despite these efforts, there are a number of challenges and opportunities that have been examined in this MGDS II Review and the Comprehensive Country Situation Analysis undertaken in the course of this assignment.     ', 'MINISTRY OF FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (MFEPD)  (2016), MALAWI GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (MGDS) II REVIEW AND COUNTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT   .', 'MINISTRY OF FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (MFEPD) , MALAWI GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (MGDS) II REVIEW AND COUNTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT   (2016).', 'MINISTRY OF FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (MFEPD)  (2016), MALAWI GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (MGDS) II REVIEW AND COUNTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT   .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(554, 'Aquaculture for African Smallholders ', 'R.E. Brummett andR.Noble', '1995', 'Public Reports', '', '30165', '25 May 2021', 'This volume reports the findings of the ICLARM-BMZIGTZ Africa Aquaculture Project (1 986-1 994). The project studied smallholder farming systems and developed integrated aquaculture technologies in collaboration with the Malawian Department of Fisheries, the University of Malawi and the Ministry of Research and Environmental Affairs. The project began with a comprehensive survey of the ecological and socioeconomic context in which Malawian smallholding farmers must earn their living. The majority of the enterprises on these farms are resource-limited and use, for the most part, traditional farming methods which are increasingly unproductive and inadequate in light of expanding population pres- sure. One important consequence of the failure of traditional agriculture to meet human needs is environmental degradation associated with bringing marginal land into agriculture, and the overexploitation of fragile ecosystems. To ameliorate this situation, technologies which could take advantage of existing on- farm resources to improve productivity and environmental sustainability were developed in on-station trials at the Malawi National Aquaculture Center. Suitable species from within the Malawian indigenous species flock were selected and their culture characteristics were described. Crop residues and weeds which could serve as fishpond inputs were identified. Methods for the use of fertile pond water and mud for vegetable production were devised. Integrated crop-fish and animal-fish systems which improved the profitability and productivity of the whole farm were designed. These technologies were demonstrated to extension agents and packaged into extension booklets for transfer to farmers. Adoption of these technologies by smallholders using the existing extension approach and infrastructure was, however, less than was hoped for. To resolve this problem, farmers were approached directly for feedback. From their response, it became clear that more than just potential fish production was important in determining whether or not a particular farmer would adopt aquaculture. Among other things, the perceived ease with which fish culture could be inserted into the existing farming system was crucial. For example, adoption rates of rice-fish farming technology were much higher if the farmer had experience with either rice or fish. The perceived simplicity (or potential risk) of the technology was also critical. If farmers were presented with a lot of details and options for maximizing fish production (e.g., oxygen cycling, role of pH, calculation of feeding rates and sampling protocols, etc.) during the initial introduction of fish farming, most farmers would not participate. Those who were presented only with the idea that a hole, filled with water and fed with wastes from other farm activities could produce some fish were much more likely to adopt the technology. That farmers were more concerned about these issues than about the theoretical profitability of adopting aquaculture was a revelation to the researchers. It was previously assumed that a demonstrably better system of food production would be immediately adopted and that the constraints were largely related to the ability of the extension agents to explain, and farmers to grasp, complex ideas. In actual fact, the decisionmaking of farmers is far more complicated than that. The project found that constraints to adoption were best dealt with by letting the farmers decide what technology they would like to use, regardless of its productivity relative to other technologies. In other words, the socioeconomic constraints to adoption of aquaculture (e.g., lack of investment capital and social leveling mechanisms) are exacerbated when extension agents and scientists attempt to impose technology on farmers. To determine how farming systems evolved as a result of the adoption of fish farming, methods of participatory rural appraisal were adapted for use by researchers. This was combined with monitoring tools developed for farming systems research. This permitted the measurement of the impact of the integrated farming systems which were being promoted by the project and related extension programs. Profitability of farms participating in pilot studies was doubled, on average, and efficiency of production of vegetable gardens was improved. The simple systems which were adopted became more sophisticated and pro- ductive as the farmers became more familiar with fish farming. To improve the technologies which were being presented to farmers and make these more immediately appropriate to their needs, a new set of research protocols was estab- lished. Rather than use an idealized optimal management strategy as a control of treat- ments, the actual types of materials available on smallholdings were applied in the amounts used by farmers. This dramatically reduced the productivity of the pond, but the amount of fish produced was much closer to what the farmers could realistically expect. Conducting research in this way forced scientists to interact with farmers during weekly visits and learn more about their constraints and perceptions. Scientists and farmers must communicate with each other if truly useful research is to be conducted and the results adopted by farmers. ', 'R.E. Brummett andR.Noble (1995), Aquaculture for African Smallholders .', 'R.E. Brummett andR.Noble, Aquaculture for African Smallholders (1995).', 'R.E. Brummett andR.Noble (1995), Aquaculture for African Smallholders .', '0009aquacultreafriva.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(555, 'Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi', 'Aaron J.M. Russell Patrick A. Grötz Simone K. Kriesemer Diemuth E. Pemsl', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '66102', '26 May 2021', 'This monograph is a result of a 3-year project to produce a decision-support toolkit with supporting databases and case studies to help researchers, planners and extension agents working on freshwater pond aquaculture. The purpose of the work was to provide tools and information to help practitioners identify places and conditions where pond aquaculture can benefit the poor, both as producers and as consumers of fish. By undertaking the project in four countries (Cameroon and Malawi in Africa, and Bangladesh and China in Asia), each at a different stage of aquaculture development, project researchers were better able to test the toolkit for wide applicability and utility.\r\nApplying such a toolkit requires a clear understanding of the existing state of pond aquaculture in each country, the circumstances underpinning its development, and the factors driving its adoption or discontinuation. To achieve this, country case studies were conducted by extensive literature review supplemented with analysis of primary and secondary data.\r\nThis monograph is the case study for Malawi. Written in three parts, it describes the historical background, practices, stakeholder profiles, production levels, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and prospects for aquaculture in the country. First, it documents the history and current status of the aquaculture in the country. Second, it assesses the technologies and approaches that either succeeded or failed to foster aquaculture development and discusses why. Third, it identifies the key reasons for aquaculture adoption.\r\nI hope that this monograph will help development practitioners and researchers interested in aquaculture development in Malawi. The WorldFish Center and its research and national partners1 are grateful to the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany, for funding the project. We also thank all other partners, including fish farmer respondents, who have contributed to this effort', 'Aaron J.M. Russell Patrick A. Grötz Simone K. Kriesemer Diemuth E. Pemsl (2008), Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi.', 'Aaron J.M. Russell Patrick A. Grötz Simone K. Kriesemer Diemuth E. Pemsl, Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi(2008).', 'Aaron J.M. Russell Patrick A. Grötz Simone K. Kriesemer Diemuth E. Pemsl (2008), Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi.', '0009countrycasestudy.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(556, 'AFRICA CAN FEED ITSELF', ' Aksel Nærstad', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '70909', '27 May 2021', 'The hunger in Africa is increasing - despite the fact that the majority of the population is food producers, farmers, fisherfolks and pasturalists. At the same time dumping of products from rich countries destroys local production in many countries in Africa. Norwegian organizations, institutions and companies involved one way or the other in African agriculture decided in the beginning of 2007 to facilitate discussions, mainly among African partners and contacts, about how Africa can feed itself and at the same time preserve the environment. Our starting point was that Africa can feed itself, but when we organized the conference in June 2007 the title for the conference asked Can Africa feed itself? because we thought that would create more interest for the conference. Some of the speakers from Africa came because they were provoked of the title. The title of this book state clearly the common opinion of the conference: Africa can feed itself. This book is the result of the conference. All articles are by speakers at the conference in Norway in June 2007, some are written with colleagues. Some of the articles are speeches from the conference, others are  new articles. All are to the issues taken up by the conference. The articles are placed under the title of the seminars at the conference, but there are overlaps. You will find opinions about strategies in the section about the challenges Africa are facing and in other sections, not only in the section about strategies. Similar with other issues. The organizing committee of the conference (see list below) hope that this book can stimulate work and discussions about how Africa can feed itself and at the same time preserve the environment. I want to thank all the authors for their contributions, and all the institutions, organizations and companies in the organizing committee which made the conference and this book possible.  I also want to thank all the organizers and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for their economic support. Organizations, institutions and companies in the organizing committee: Care Norway, Development Fund, Drylands Coordination Group (DCG), Farmers and Smallholders’ Union, Farmers’ Union, Federation of Norwegian Agricultural Co-operatives, FIAN, Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the More and Better campaign, Nature and Youth, Norad - Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Royal Norwegian Society for Development, Oikos, Spire - Development Fund’s youth group, The Norwegian Agricultural Purchasing and Marketing Co-operation (FK), University of Life Sciences, Yara International ASA\r\n', ' Aksel Nærstad (2007), AFRICA CAN FEED ITSELF.', ' Aksel Nærstad, AFRICA CAN FEED ITSELF(2007).', ' Aksel Nærstad (2007), AFRICA CAN FEED ITSELF.', '000091africacanfeeditself.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(557, ' THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI', ' THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '31722', '27 May 2021', 'Malawi’s population is growing rapidly. The last Census, in 2008, showed that the country’s population had increased by one-third to just over 13 million since 1998. This landlocked country is predominantly rural, with 80% of its people residing outside towns and cities. Partly because of this, poverty and food insecurity have been viewed by donors and international agencies as rural problems. Most research on food insecurity in Malawi has focused on agricultural production by rural households.1 Despite its image as a rural society, Malawi’s major urban centres are growing fast. In 1966, the total population of the five largest urban centres was 157,000. This number rose to 644,000 in 20 years and had doubled again to 1,546,000 by 2008 (Table 1). In 2010, UN-HABITAT estimated the urban population of Malawi at 2.9 million, and projected further growth to 4.8 million in 2020 and 7.6 million (or 32% of the population) by 2030.2 Urban growth rates in Malawi are around 5% per annum, much higher than rural growth rates of less than 2% per annum, suggesting that urbanization will continue. ', ' THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI (2013),  THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI.', ' THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI,  THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI(2013).', ' THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI (2013),  THE STATE OF  FOOD INSECURITY IN BLANTYRE CITY, MALAWI.', '00001thestateoffoodinsecurity.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(558, 'Developing Pro-poor Markets for African Smallholder Farmers', 'Christopher B. Barrett', 'unknown', 'Public Reports', '', '15682', '27 May 2021', 'Markets are as fundamental to African agricultural development and poverty reduction as technologies and macroeconomic policies. All three heavily influence the productivity, and thus the incomes, of rural land owners and workers, as well as the prices of agricultural commodities and the food security of poor populations. Scholars and policymakers have nonetheless paid far less attention to the promotion of improved institutions for exchange than they have to the development of improved production technologies or to the pursuit of more prudent macroeconomic policies. This is perhaps especially true in Africa, an agrarian continent that was largely bypassed by the Green Revolution technological innovations of the 1960s-1970s, and subsequently unresponsive to the macroeconomic reforms enacted during the structural adjustment era of the 1980s-1990s. Recent efforts at sparking a new Green Revolution for Africa are finally awakening observers to the continent’s longstanding need to attend to market development.\r\nThere are multiple reasons to applaud the increased attention being paid to markets for African agricultural development. Enhanced performance of the institutions that govern the exchange of commodities across form (e.g., processing grain into flour), space (i.e., intra- and inter-national trade), and time (i.e., storage) can generate important benefits for low-income agrarian economies. First, the market defines the economic reach of the state. Markets transmit the policy signals sent by central governments through exchange rate, fiscal, monetary and trade policy. When markets function poorly, those signals are distorted or extinguished before they influence firms, households and workers by changing constraints or incentives. Given how much has been invested in trying to improve agricultural and macroeconomic policymaking in Africa over the past generation, it is essential to reinforce whatever improvements have been achieved by enhancing the market institutions that ultimately support effective states.\r\n', 'Christopher B. Barrett (unknown), Developing Pro-poor Markets for African Smallholder Farmers.', 'Christopher B. Barrett, Developing Pro-poor Markets for African Smallholder Farmers(unknown).', 'Christopher B. Barrett (unknown), Developing Pro-poor Markets for African Smallholder Farmers.', '00002developingpro-poormarkert.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(559, 'Social and economic dimensions of smallholder based agriculture  and food security', 'Jean Kamwamba-Mtethiwa', '2020', 'Public Reports', '', '49647', '27 May 2021', 'Agriculture is the main stay for the economy of Malawi. Although the Malawian Government heavily supports the development of a modern agricultural sector, it is still dominated by smallholder subsistence farmers. This study is a literature review conducted to identify the cultural, socio-economic as well as demographic factors influencing the trend of agriculture and food security in Malawi. The study has revealed that smallholder farmers in Malawi are hampered by a number of challenges which include weak land tenure systems, poor access to farm inputs, unavailability of labor and gender inequalities, which affects sustainable and inclusive agricultural development. The repercussions of such a situation are that many smallholders are reported to be permanently food insecure and at least 40-60% of the rural households cannot produce enough to keep them for at least five months after the harvest each year. Furthermore, literature has shown that smallholder farming in Malawi is dominated by the aged people and women, whose access to agricultural inputs and resources is limited. In Malawi, the largest proportion of farmers’ overall work is dedicated to maize production, although it is not cost effective to cultivate maize on small pieces of land considering the limited access to inputs. Land tenure systems in Malawi are highly unequal and insecure, contributing to high levels of rural poverty which result in poor agricultural production and hence high levels of food insecurity. The study also found that urbanization is robbing resources from the rural masses that could have contributed to improved agricultural production for the smallholder farmers. These include the loss of rural labor force, loss of agricultural land to cities, unstable family ties and poor nutrition due to low income. These factors negatively contribute to the development of agricultural production. Despite the challenges, the Malawian Government continues to promote smallholder agriculture through a number of initiatives including supportive policies and subscription to regional economic agreements. The study recommends that implementing supportive policies is imperative in order to address the challenges faced by smallholder farmers and to enhance food security in Malawi. \r\nKeywords: Malawi, smallholder farmers, food security, culture, urbanization, land rights', 'Jean Kamwamba-Mtethiwa (2020), Social and economic dimensions of smallholder based agriculture  and food security.', 'Jean Kamwamba-Mtethiwa, Social and economic dimensions of smallholder based agriculture  and food security(2020).', 'Jean Kamwamba-Mtethiwa (2020), Social and economic dimensions of smallholder based agriculture  and food security.', '00003culturaldeographivc.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(560, 'The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security', 'FAO', '2015 ', 'Public Reports', '', '24697', '27 May 2021', 'Between	2003	and	2013,	disasters	triggered	by	natural	hazards	caused	USD	1.5	trillion	in	economic	damage1	worldwide.	In	developing	countries	alone,	these	disasters	cost	about	USD	550	billion	in	estimated	damage	and	affected	2	billion	people2.	Such	disasters	often	undermine	national	economic	growth	and	development	goals,	as	well	as	agriculture	sector	growth	and	sustainable	sector	development.	However,	there	is	no	clear	understanding	of	the	economic	impact	of	disasters	on	the	agriculture	sector3.	\r\nTo	protect	development	investments	in	the	agriculture	sector	and	strengthen	the	sector’s	resilience	to	disasters,	a	clear	understanding	is	needed	of	the	particular	way	the	sector	is	affected	by	disasters.	However,	globally	available	statistics	on	damage	or	losses	do	not	disaggregate	the	impact	on	individual	sectors.	This	is	largely	because	the	data	is	not	collected	and	reported	in	a	systematic	way	by	sector	at	the	national	or	subnational	levels.	Thus,	the	full	impact	of	disasters	on	the	agriculture	sector	is	not	well	understood.	Disasters	do	not	affect	all	people	and	sectors	in	the	same	way	or	to	the	same	extent,	and	these	differences	have	important	policy	implications.		\r\nEffective	policy	and	practice	requires	sector-specific	damage	and	loss	data	for	the	agriculture	sector.	National	strategies	on	disaster	risk	reduction	and	climate	change	adaptation	that	support	resilience	and	sustainable	agricultural	development	must	address	the	types	of	disasters	with	the	greatest	impact	on	the	sector,	such	as	climaterelated	disasters.	Governments	must	design	measures	specific	to	the	crop,	livestock,	fisheries	and	forestry	subsectors,	and	be	enabled	to	adopt	more	systematic	strategies	that	counteract	the	impact	of	disasters	on	sector	growth	and	development	and	thus	national	food	security.	Ultimately,	this	will	contribute	to	national	efforts	to	achieve	sustainable	agricultural	development,	reduce	hunger	and	poverty,	and	meet	the	targets	set	under	relevant	international	commitments.\r\nThe	Food	and	Agriculture	Organization	of	the	United	Nations	(FAO)	carried	out	the	present	study	to	help	fill	existing	knowledge	gaps	about	the	nature	and	magnitude	of	disaster	impacts	triggered	by	natural	hazards	on	the	agriculture	sector	and	subsectors	(crops,	livestock,	fisheries	and	forestry)	in	developing	countries.	The	study	seeks	to	provide	systematized	data,	analysis	and	information,	while	increasing	awareness	about	the	urgent	need	to	enhance	national	and	international	commitment	and	budget	allocations	to	risk	reduction	for	the	sector,	including	improving	data	collection	and	monitoring	systems	on	sector-specific	damage	and	losses.	\r\nThe	ultimate	goal	is	to	inform	the	implementation	and	monitoring	of	the	three	key	international	agendas	of	2015,	which	recognize	resilience	as	a	fundamental	ingredient	for	their	achievement:	the	Sustainable	Development	Goals	(SDGs),	specifically	Goal	2;	the	Sendai	Framework	for	Disaster	Risk	Reduction	2015–2030;	and	the	Universal	Climate	Change	Agreement	that	is	expected	under	the	United	Nations	Framework	Convention	on	Climate	Change.\r\n', 'FAO (2015 ), The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security.', 'FAO, The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security(2015 ).', 'FAO (2015 ), The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security.', '00003impactofdisaster.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(561, 'Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis ', 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ', '2016', 'Public Reports', '', '15651', '28 May 2021', 'Early empirical applications of FAO RIMA (Alinovi et al. , 2008; Alinovi et al. , 2010) adopted  two-stage Factor Analysis (FA) with Bartlett’s prediction technique. In the first step resilience pillars were estimated through FA of observable variables and RCI was then estimated through FA of the pillars (for pillars aggregation process see Annex II). The last generation of RIMA applications (d’Errico et al. , 2015a; FAO et al. , 2014) employed factor analysis at the first stage and then estimated RCI by adopting a Structural Equation Model (SEM) at the second stage (Costello et al. , 2005; Scott, 1966). Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Chi-squared tests, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) were estimated to evaluate goodness-of-fit and,  ultimately, correlation between residual errors. A modified RIMA-I approach was recently employed as a predictor of well-being variation over time (Ciani and Romano, 2011) to estimate rural household resilience in Nicaragua and the capacity of an RCI to predict future food consumption. In Burkina Faso Kozlowska et al. (2015) employed RIMA-I following the approach of Dang et al. (2014) and Moffit (1993) to estimate the RCI from synthetic panel data Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Instrumental Variable (IV) adopted. D’Errico and Di Giuseppe (2016) used real panel data from Uganda to estimate resilience dynamics (fixed and random effect models adopted). Finally, in Mali, d’Errico et al. (2015b) estimated RIMA to determine, through regression analysis, the effect of resilience on a well-being indicator from the Mali Bureau of Statistics', 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  (2016), Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis .', 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (2016).', 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  (2016), Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(562, 'INVESTGATING THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING IINDUSTRY', 'Roehlano M. Briones and Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '82326', '28 May 2021', 'The globalization of agricultural and food trade has been hailed as a “big opportunity” for farmers and agribusiness entrepreneurs. However, considerations of quality, timeliness, and economies of scale have posed special challenges to smallholders (World Bank, 2008).  The UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food (2009) sounds the oft-repeated alarm that “concentration in food production and distribution chains has been significantly increasing over the past years.  The resulting market structure gives buyers considerable bargaining strength over their suppliers, with potentially severe implications for the welfare both of producers and consumers (p. 5).” Benefits from growing international trade in agricultural products are believed to have been captured by a few firms that dominate key nodes of the global value chain, to the exclusion of small farmers and producers at the primary level, whilst undermining food affordability at the retail level.\r\nHowever, detailed information about the organization of agro-industry firms engaged in international trade is scarce.  Understanding how trading firms have been organized based on empirically verifiable facts and causal factors is important for analyzing the distribution of trade benefits among firms and among their upstream or downstream links. This study, part of a wider analysis on the determination of the distribution of agricultural trade benefits among firms and stakeholders in developing countries, seeks to compile and synthesize related literature on the structure of agricultural trade industry in developing countries.2 The objectives are: \r\n 1) To review the theory and evidence on the structure of agricultural trade industry in     developing countries;  \r\n 2) Based on a literature survey, to determine what causes the industry structure and     how it affects the distribution of trade benefits among firms. ', 'Roehlano M. Briones and Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa (2013), INVESTGATING THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING IINDUSTRY.', 'Roehlano M. Briones and Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa, INVESTGATING THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING IINDUSTRY(2013).', 'Roehlano M. Briones and Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa (2013), INVESTGATING THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING IINDUSTRY.', '00005investigatingstructures.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(563, 'Women,  Food Security and  agriculture in  a global marketplace', 'rekha mehra and mary Hill rojas', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '11147', '28 May 2021', '\r\nThe steep increase in global food prices—83 percent over the past three years—has added nearly 100 million people to the numbers who  are chronically hungry, pushing the world total to nearly 1 billion people.2 Amid a global financial crisis and further market instability, the number  of poor people also is climbing, undoing significant gains made against hunger and poverty in the  past decade. \r\nThese concerns have prompted renewed  interest and discussion on the role of agricultural growth and development as a means to address both hunger and poverty. After two decades of decline in agriculture and international development assistance, governments and donors are recommitting attention and resources to agriculture. The New Economic Program for African Development (NEPAD), for example,  urged African governments to increase spending on agriculture to 10 percent of national budgets.3\r\nMissing from these discussions and decision  points, however, is a commitment to women  farmers and resources to strengthen their roles  in the agricultural economy.i  Four decades of research demonstrate the varied and crucial  responsibilities that women hold in agriculture  and the value of their contributions, both economic and social. Rural women produce half of the world’s food and, in developing countries,  between 60 percent and 80 percent of food crops.4 Women also are more likely than men  to spend their income on the well-being of their families, including more nutritious foods, school \r\nfees for children and health care.5 Yet agricultural investments do not reflect these facts. Women  in forestry, fishing and agriculture received just  7 percent of total aid for all sectors.', 'rekha mehra and mary Hill rojas (2008), Women,  Food Security and  agriculture in  a global marketplace.', 'rekha mehra and mary Hill rojas, Women,  Food Security and  agriculture in  a global marketplace(2008).', 'rekha mehra and mary Hill rojas (2008), Women,  Food Security and  agriculture in  a global marketplace.', '00006womenfoodsecuurityasigniificantshift.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(564, 'Closing the divide In Malawi How to reduce inequality and increase prosperity for all', 'OXFAM', '2018', 'Public Reports', '', '78300', '28 May 2021', 'Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world,1 with 70% of the population living on less than $1.90 a day.2 A low level of economic development – alongside seemingly regular shocks – has left the nation’s finances perpetually constrained. The country is stuck in a deadlock of slow growth which is unequally distributed, where poverty and inequality are two faces of the same coin. Economic inequality is growing significantly: in just seven years between 2004 and 2011, the gap between the richest 10% of Malawians and the poorest 40% increased by almost a third.3 If inequality continues to rise as it has in recent years, by 2020 1.5 million more Malawians will be poor.4 Even rapid economic growth will fail to tackle poverty in the country. A 2015 Oxfam report, A Dangerous Divide – the State of Inequality in Malawi,5 shone a spotlight on the growing problem of inequality. This new paper presents a vision, roadmap and policy recommendations for a more inclusive, equitable and prosperous Malawi. It recognizes that inequality is not inevitable but the result of policy choices made by those with power. The paper shows that to leave no one behind and get on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the government must commit to policies which prevent the country’s elites from appropriating the benefits of economic growth and instead ensure that benefits are redistributed to all. Breaking out of slow and unequal growth requires government, decision makers, development partners and institutions to work for citizens, especially for those living at the margins, rather than serving powerful vested interests within and outside of Malawi. The success of the roadmap hinges on five pillars: 1.  Transparent and accountable government and institutions, and tackling corruption, replacing the political capture of policy making by a powerful minority with inclusive political and economic institutions. 2.  A real focus on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality, with an emphasis on the social and cultural norms that act as a brake on progress. 3.  Policy and investment to improve livelihoods of the poorest women and men, delivering equitable growth, especially in agriculture. 4.  Raising public revenues more progressively, notably from wealthy individuals, domestic and foreign businesses, to reduce inequality and redistribute income; and ensuring sufficient and quality international aid for the short and medium term. 5.  Investing in universal, quality, free public services, such as healthcare and education, that benefit everyone in society, offer social protection for the poorest and dramatically reduce inequality.\r\n', 'OXFAM (2018), Closing the divide In Malawi How to reduce inequality and increase prosperity for all.', 'OXFAM, Closing the divide In Malawi How to reduce inequality and increase prosperity for all(2018).', 'OXFAM (2018), Closing the divide In Malawi How to reduce inequality and increase prosperity for all.', '00007closingthedivideinmw.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(565, 'Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States: Effects and Adaptation', 'USDA', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '85311', '28 May 2021', 'Increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), rising temperatures, and altered precipitation patterns will affect agricultural productivity. Increases in temperature coupled with more variable precipitation will reduce productivity of crops, and these effects will outweigh the benefits of increasing carbon dioxide. Effects will vary among annual and perennial crops, and regions of the United States; however, all production systems will be affected to some degree by climate change. Agricultural systems depend upon reliable water sources, and the pattern and potential magnitude of precipitation changes is not well understood, thus adding considerable uncertainty to assessment efforts. \r\nLivestock production systems are vulnerable to temperature stresses. An animal’s ability to adjust its metabolic rate to cope with temperature extremes can lead to reduced productivity and in extreme cases death. Prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures will also further increase production costs and productivity losses associated with all animal products, e.g., meat, eggs, and milk. \r\nProjections for crops and livestock production systems reveal that climate change effects over the next 25 years will be mixed. The continued degree of change in the climate by midcentury and beyond is expected to have overall detrimental effects on most crops and livestock. \r\nClimate change will exacerbate current biotic stresses on agricultural plants and animals. Changing pressures associated with weeds, diseases, and insect pests, together with potential changes in timing and coincidence of pollinator lifecycles, will affect growth and yields. The potential magnitude of these effects is not yet well understood. For example, while some pest insects will thrive under increasing air temperatures, warming temperatures may force others out of their current geographical ranges.  Several weeds have shown a greater response to carbon dioxide relative to crops; understanding these \r\nphysiological and genetic responses may help guide future enhancements to weed management. \r\nAgriculture is dependent on a wide range of ecosystem processes that support productivity including maintenance of soil quality and regulation of water quality and quantity. Multiple stressors, including climate change, increasingly compromise the ability of ecosystems to provide these services. Key near-term climate change effects on agricultural soil and water resources include the potential for increased soil erosion through extreme precipitation events, as well as regional and seasonal changes in the availability of water resources for both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. \r\nThe predicted higher incidence of extreme weather events will have an increasing influence on agricultural productivity. Extremes matter because agricultural productivity is driven largely by environmental conditions during critical threshold periods of crop and livestock development. Improved assessment of climate change effects on agricultural productivity requires greater integration of extreme events into crop and economic models', 'USDA (2013), Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States: Effects and Adaptation.', 'USDA, Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States: Effects and Adaptation(2013).', 'USDA (2013), Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States: Effects and Adaptation.', '00008climatechangeandagrk.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(566, 'The 2012 Global  AIDS Response Progress Report: Malawi  Country Report for 2010-2011', 'Malawi Government', '2012', 'Government Reports', '', '33039', '28 May 2021', 'Malawi continues to register significant progress in the national response to HIV as evidenced by results highlighted in this report.  The 2012 AIDS Response Progress Report provides evidence that Malawi continues to register progress in the areas of prevention; treatment, care and support; and impact mitigation.  This has been facilitated by development, implementation and monitoring of evidence based policies and strategies in the response to HIV and AIDS, among other factors. \r\nThe period 2004 to 2010 saw the decline in the national HIV prevalence from 12% to 10.6%. This reduction is encouraging although more work still needs to be done in order to continue decreasing the number of new infections, which is still quite high at the moment. Malawi has produced a comprehensive National HIV Prevention Strategy (2009-2013) with an implementation plan that seeks to consolidate all prevention interventions in one single coherent framework with clear management and implementation mandates.  \r\nThe period under review also saw a number of key documents being reviewed and developed. Some of these are: the HIV and AIDS Policy that has been reviewed and finalized and is awaiting approval; the National HIV and AIDS Strategic Plan (2011-2016); the Male Circumcision Policy; and, the new M&E Plan (2011-2016). All these have been produced in order to ensure that the National Response to HIV and AIDS remains focused and produces tangible results.   \r\nThe 2012 Response report therefore comes at an opportune time where we can review the achievements and challenges that the country has registered and encountered, so that we can consolidate the gains and effectively address the challenges identified.  This process will therefore ensure that the country fulfils its own aspirations as well as contribute towards the global efforts to fight against HIV and AIDS.   ', 'Malawi Government (2012), The 2012 Global  AIDS Response Progress Report: Malawi  Country Report for 2010-2011.', 'Malawi Government, The 2012 Global  AIDS Response Progress Report: Malawi  Country Report for 2010-2011(2012).', 'Malawi Government (2012), The 2012 Global  AIDS Response Progress Report: Malawi  Country Report for 2010-2011.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(567, 'GREEN REVOLUTION DEAD-END IN MALAWI: Two Case Studies— AGRA’s Pigeon Pea Project and Malawi’s Agro-Dealer Strengthening Programme (MASP)', 'The African Centre for Biodiversity', '2016', 'Public Reports', '', '96404', '28 May 2021', 'It is important to take into account the market demand for a product and its links to seed varieties. Understandably, farmers tend not to want to adopt new varieties if there is no market for the output. There are two main potential markets, industrial and local. Industrial markets (agro-processing and food manufacture) require standardised and uniform produce in high and consistent volumes. In most cases, an external agent is responsible for facilitating and/or coordinating access to industrial markets. Conversely, local markets communicate the need for more diverse produce at different times of the year. This requires diverse varieties and localised experimentation to develop context-specific adaptations to meet changing local demands. Research and development (R&D) will be shaped by these different needs, depending on the focus of the intervention. Industrial markets will focus on standardised products with high yields. Local markets will focus on local adaptation and diversity, which is more amenable to direct producer control. While the promise of lucrative markets for introduced varieties often convinces farmers to try new varieties, widespread experience indicates that these markets often do not materialise and farmers are left with excess product which they cannot use or sell. The pigeon pea project distributed certified varieties only, as did agro-dealers, due to seed laws that prohibit the sale of non-certified varieties. The project did not allow for farmer seed production and farmers became the passive recipients of crops and varieties which were decided without their involvement. An alternative approach could be to include farmers in the R&D and production processes, as well as in discussions about the crops and varieties they would prefer to use. These might be certified varieties from the public sector or locally enhanced varieties with farmer-based quality controls. The latter option makes more sense because it is cheaper and the seed adapts more easily to local conditions. Farmer \r\nvarieties will also have a longer history of local consumption. Pigeon pea has added value in that it improves soil fertility, adds nutritional diversity and has a potential economic benefit for producers if markets can be secured. However, the pigeon pea project emphasised formal, commercial markets for products that are not consumed locally. From a soil improvement point of view, the project set unrealistic goals of complete self-sustainability after three years. Since soil fertility enhancement takes time, farmers were not able to incorporate this potential benefit into their assessment of whether or not it would be useful to continue planting pigeon pea after the end of the project. The introduction of pigeon pea without first discussing with farmers and consumers about which legumes they favoured—and in at least some of these areas pigeon pea had not been consumed historically—resulted in an inappropriate intervention. A better starting point would have been to assess the diversity of legumes in a given area, and to orient support towards re-establishing or strengthening the presence of these legumes, based on farmer priorities. But because pigeon pea had been identified and developed at a national level, this was the only choice farmers were given. Legume use also needs to be integrated with other agro-ecological practices for soil fertility; it cannot succeed on its own.', 'The African Centre for Biodiversity (2016), GREEN REVOLUTION DEAD-END IN MALAWI: Two Case Studies— AGRA’s Pigeon Pea Project and Malawi’s Agro-Dealer Strengthening Programme (MASP).', 'The African Centre for Biodiversity, GREEN REVOLUTION DEAD-END IN MALAWI: Two Case Studies— AGRA’s Pigeon Pea Project and Malawi’s Agro-Dealer Strengthening Programme (MASP)(2016).', 'The African Centre for Biodiversity (2016), GREEN REVOLUTION DEAD-END IN MALAWI: Two Case Studies— AGRA’s Pigeon Pea Project and Malawi’s Agro-Dealer Strengthening Programme (MASP).', '00008greenresolution.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(568, 'Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities in Groundnut Production and Marketing in Malawi', 'Isaac Minde, Oswin Madzonga, George Kantithi, Kazombo Phiri and Tarisayi Pedzisa', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '58760', '28 May 2021', 'Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa bordered by Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia and covers an area of about 118,000 km2. The country is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) communities in addition to being part of the African Union (AU). It has a population of approximately 14 million people of which 51% are women. The country has one of the highest population densities in Africa and a population growth rate of about 2.4% (GoM 2005a). \r\nMalawi’s progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has been limited by the spread of HIV/AIDS and the inadequacy of the structural adjustment programs implemented in the 1980s and 1990s to create the conditions for broad-based economic growth. To learn from past mistakes and achieve meaningful poverty reduction, the government launched the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) in 2006. The ﬁ ve central pillars of the strategy are: sustainable economic growth, social development, infrastructure development, protection for the most vulnerable, and good governance.\r\nMalawi’s economy is dependent on agriculture as the country has very few exploitable mineral resources. Agriculture, representing 39% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), accounts for more than 80% of the labor force and about 80% of all exports (USAID 2007). The current GDP per capita is about US$170 and the latest human development index is 0.388, showing that close to two thirds of the population live in poverty, the majority of whom are women. According to the Integrated Household Survey of 2004/05 (GoM 2005a),the current status of poverty shows that 52.4% of the population lives below the poverty line; ie, about 6.3 million Malawians are poor, with the poorest people living in the southern region and with rural areas poorer than urban (where poverty rates are at 25%). The socioeconomic indicators of the poor are low, with food security being a continuing threat to better life. Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefﬁ cient stands at 0.52 for urban areas and 0.37 for rural areas, meaning that income inequality is very high (GoM 2007).\r\n', 'Isaac Minde, Oswin Madzonga, George Kantithi, Kazombo Phiri and Tarisayi Pedzisa (2008), Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities in Groundnut Production and Marketing in Malawi.', 'Isaac Minde, Oswin Madzonga, George Kantithi, Kazombo Phiri and Tarisayi Pedzisa, Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities in Groundnut Production and Marketing in Malawi(2008).', 'Isaac Minde, Oswin Madzonga, George Kantithi, Kazombo Phiri and Tarisayi Pedzisa (2008), Constraints, Challenges, and Opportunities in Groundnut Production and Marketing in Malawi.', '00009constraintsandoppgrond.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(569, 'Improving Access and Utilization of Fertilizers by Smallholder Farmers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa', 'Isaac Minde, Tarisayi Pedzisa and John Dimes', '2008', 'Public Reports', '', '88701', '28 May 2021', 'Africa is a rural continent and agriculture is by far its most important economic sector. More than 70% of Africa’s population is directly engaged in agriculture. Traditionally, farmers have cleared land, grown a few crops, and then moved on to clear more land, leaving the land fallow to regain its fertility (Sanchez 2002). However, the 3% annual growth in population − among the world’s highest − now forces farmers to grow crop after crop on the same land, “mining” or depleting mineral nutrients from the soil while giving nothing back, and to bring marginal land into production (Africa News Network 2007).\r\nToday Africa faces a soil fertility crisis. African soils are losing an estimated $4 billion worth of soil nutrients annually. Three-fourths of the farmland in sub-Saharan Africa is plagued by severe nutrient depletion and 46% of the African continent suffers from desertification. African farmers desperately need mineral fertilizers to bring life back to the depleted soils and to feed the continent (African Fertilizer Summit 2006). Improving agriculture through improving soil fertility is an important priority for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Africa’s development framework. NEPAD promoters held a Fertilizer Summit in Abuja, Nigeria, that brought together heads of state and diverse stakeholders (African Renewal 2007), who subsequently adopted 12 action points that included taking concrete steps to improve farmers’ access to fertilizers by developing agro-dealer networks in rural areas by 2007.\r\nAgricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa is hampered by low use of inputs such as improved seeds and mineral fertilizers, low inherent soil fertility in much of the continent, and nutrient-depleted soils. Millions of smallholder farmers suffer from poverty and hunger not only because are they unable to obtain appropriate fertilizers and improved seed varieties, but also because they are unaware of the correct inputs required to achieve subsistence yields from increasingly depleted soils (Ruben and Lee 2000). Fertilizers are the key to alleviating these constraints but must be integrated with other inputs and proper soil management for their economic potential to be realized (Adesina 2001). Organic fertilizers such as plant residues or livestock manure can also be used to supply plant nutrients. This can have long-term positive effects on soil fertility though the concentation of nutrients is low. Improvement in crop growth and yield greatly depends on the efforts towards improving soil fertility. Mineral fertilizers are the only practical way to restore plant nutrients back to the severly depleted soils. However, African farmers have little access to fertilizers and cannot always afford them (Sachs 2008). It is critical to address the issue of fertilizer accessibility and availability as well as ensuring fair prices for farm products.\r\nIn most parts of the Limpopo Province of South Africa, crop yields are poor and continue to decline. This can be explained by declining soil fertility which has been identified as a major production constraint to the smallscale farmers (Sanchez et al. 1997; Ramaru et al. 2000). The situation is aggravated by the monoculture of maize and sorghum which are the staple crops in relatively wetter and drier areas respectively. Farmers have identified soil erosion, poor soil type, lack of fertilizer and lack of manure as factors that greatly contribute to low soil fertility. In most instances, low productivity is attributed to inadequate soil moisture during the growing season (Ayisi 2005). However, it was established by Odhiambo (2005) that crop growth and yield is often poor even in areas with adequate amounts and proper distribution of rainfall or even under irrigated conditions. This reveals the fact that other factors, besides water, contribute to low crop productivity; these include soil fertility and crop management practices. \r\nIn response to the aforementioned constraints, a consortium of partners − the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), SASOL Nitro, Progress Milling, and the Limpopo Agricultural Strategy Team (LIMPAST) teamed up to design a program aimed at providing small packs of fertilizers of various sizes to a select number of Progress Milling depots. It was deemed that the small packs would be convenient in two ways: first, it would be affordable to many who could not meet the full cost of the traditional 50 kg bags and, second, it would create convenient access to farmers as the fertilizer would be sent to a depot close to them. ', 'Isaac Minde, Tarisayi Pedzisa and John Dimes (2008), Improving Access and Utilization of Fertilizers by Smallholder Farmers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.', 'Isaac Minde, Tarisayi Pedzisa and John Dimes, Improving Access and Utilization of Fertilizers by Smallholder Farmers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa(2008).', 'Isaac Minde, Tarisayi Pedzisa and John Dimes (2008), Improving Access and Utilization of Fertilizers by Smallholder Farmers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.', '00009improvingaccesand.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(570, 'Crude oil price shocks and macroeconomic performance in Africa’s oil-producing countries', 'Adeleke Omolade, Harold Ngalawa & Adebayo Kutu ', '2019', 'Journals', '', '68896', '28 May 2021', ' The study investigates the influence of crude oil price shocks on the macroeconomic performance of Africa’s oil-producing countries. Eight major net oil producers, namely, Algeria, Nigeria, Egypt, Angola, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Congo Republic are included in the study. Sudan is excluded due to data constraints. The study covers the period between 1980 and 2016, which represents the periods with the most boom and bust movements in crude oil prices. The Hamilton Index (1996) which uses the net oil price increase is applied. The study compares the price of oil in each quarter with the maximum value observed during the preceding four quarters. This is used to derive sharp increases and declines in oil prices to capture oil price shocks. A Panel Structural Vector Auto-Regression model is adopted for analysis. The results show that the reaction of output to sharp increases and declines in oil prices differ. It is also observed that structural inflation accompanies sharp declines in oil prices more than monetary inflation, since both outputs and investment decline significantly.\r\nSubjects: Economics; Environmental Economics; Industry & Industrial Studies\r\nKeywords: Hamilton Index; crude oil price shocks; output performance\r\n', 'Adeleke Omolade, Harold Ngalawa & Adebayo Kutu  (2019), Crude oil price shocks and macroeconomic performance in Africa’s oil-producing countries.', 'Adeleke Omolade, Harold Ngalawa & Adebayo Kutu , Crude oil price shocks and macroeconomic performance in Africa’s oil-producing countries(2019).', 'Adeleke Omolade, Harold Ngalawa & Adebayo Kutu  (2019), Crude oil price shocks and macroeconomic performance in Africa’s oil-producing countries.', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(571, 'Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT', '2019', 'Public Reports', '', '38074', '28 May 2021', 'Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa, bordering Mozambique, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania. It is categorised as a least developed country (LDC) and its high dependence on agriculture makes it one of the countries most affected by climate change. It has a history of being heavily dependent on official development assistance, which plays a significant role in the government’s fiscal planning. In 1998, the country set itself the goal of becoming a self-reliant, middle-income country by 2020, through sustainable growth and development. The national long-term perspective for development was encapsulated in the “Vision 2020” report, which formed the basis of the more practical “Malawi Growth and Development Strategy”, now in its third edition covering the period 2017-2022.\r\nMalawi is divided into 27 administrative districts and has two major cities, Blantyre and Lilongwe (respective populations almost 585,000 and 647,000 in 2018), with the remainder of its almost 19 million inhabitants living in rural areas. Lake Malawi, which also has borders with Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, can be considered a non-urban economic centre with a concentration of industries such as tourism and freshwater fishing.', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (2019), Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans.', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT, Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans(2019).', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (2019), Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans.', '0000hanessingagriculture.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(572, 'Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT', '2019', 'Public Reports', '', '14614', '28 May 2021', 'Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa, bordering Mozambique, Zambia and the United Republic of Tanzania. It is categorised as a least developed country (LDC) and its high dependence on agriculture makes it one of the countries most affected by climate change. It has a history of being heavily dependent on official development assistance, which plays a significant role in the government’s fiscal planning. In 1998, the country set itself the goal of becoming a self-reliant, middle-income country by 2020, through sustainable growth and development. The national long-term perspective for development was encapsulated in the “Vision 2020” report, which formed the basis of the more practical “Malawi Growth and Development Strategy”, now in its third edition covering the period 2017-2022.\r\nMalawi is divided into 27 administrative districts and has two major cities, Blantyre and Lilongwe (respective populations almost 585,000 and 647,000 in 2018), with the remainder of its almost 19 million inhabitants living in rural areas. Lake Malawi, which also has borders with Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, can be considered a non-urban economic centre with a concentration of industries such as tourism and freshwater fishing.', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (2019), Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans.', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT, Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans(2019).', 'UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (2019), Harnessing Agricultural Trade for Sustainable Development groundnuts, sunflower and soybeans.', '0000hanessingagriculture.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(573, 'Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   ', 'Eric W. Crawford,  T. S. Jayne and Valerie A. Kelly', '2006', 'Public Reports', '', '94848', '28 May 2021', 'Concerned by the low use of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other developing regions, in 2004 the World Bank and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) jointly undertook an Africa Fertilizer Strategy Assessment, the objectives of which included:   Identifying factors that have undermined demand for fertilizer in SubSaharan Africa;  Identifying factors that have restricted the supply of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa;  Assessing lessons learned from past attempts to promote increased use of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa; and  Identifying entry points for supporting successful uptake of fertilizer by African farmers, particularly smallholders. The Assessment generated a number of outputs. In addition to the “Africa Fertilizer Policy Toolkit,” a CD-based resource designed for use by policy makers and development agency staff, these included four ARD Discussion Papers— three that address specific fertilizer-related themes and one that summarizes the contributions made by participants in an e-forum about increasing fertilizer use in Africa that was conducted as part of the Assessment. The four ARD Discussion Papers include: 1.  Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa Eric W. Crawford, T. S. Jayne, and Valerie A. Kelly This paper examines a number of financial, economic, social, and political arguments that have been made in favor of promoting increased fertilizer use in Africa. The cases for and against fertilizer subsidies are discussed in some detail. 2.  Factors Affecting Demand for Fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa Valerie A. Kelly This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about the factors affecting farm-level demand for fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technical, economic, and policy options for strengthening demand are reviewed. 3. Factors Affecting Supply of Fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa D. I. Gregory and B. L. Bumb This paper evaluates different strategies to make significant improvements in fertilizer supply to smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan African. Use of supply chain analysis is advocated as a means of identifying entry points where targeted interventions can shift the fertilizer supply curve to the right. ', 'Eric W. Crawford,  T. S. Jayne and Valerie A. Kelly (2006), Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   .', 'Eric W. Crawford,  T. S. Jayne and Valerie A. Kelly, Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   (2006).', 'Eric W. Crawford,  T. S. Jayne and Valerie A. Kelly (2006), Alternative Approaches for Promoting Fertilizer Use in Africa, with Particular Reference to the  Role of Fertilizer Subsidies   .', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(574, 'FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION MEDIA TRAINING WORKSHOP ', ' USAID ', '2016', 'Public Reports', '', '23601', '28 May 2021', 'The overall goal of the global Food Security Policy Innovation Lab (FSP) program is to promote inclusive agricultural productivity growth, better nutritional outcomes, and strengthened livelihood resilience through enhanced policy environments. The program will contribute to this by providing better information on key issues to facilitate informed debate on policy formulation and planning at country, regional and global levels, and by strengthening national policy systems.  \r\nAs part of this program, the consortium partners (Michigan State University, the International Policy Research Institute and the University of Pretoria) agreed to provide training to strengthen the abilities of both media personnel and policy analysts to communicate agricultural, food security and nutrition policy issues meaningfully to different interest groups. Helping the media to convey technical and policy information on important topics through sound reporting is expected to contribute to leveraging policy change.  ', ' USAID  (2016), FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION MEDIA TRAINING WORKSHOP .', ' USAID , FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION MEDIA TRAINING WORKSHOP (2016).', ' USAID  (2016), FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION MEDIA TRAINING WORKSHOP .', '00012foodsecurity2016.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(575, 'Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Lessons Learned from the Integrated Food Security Programme (IFSP), Mulanje, Malawi ', 'Patrick Webb', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '92232', '28 May 2021', 'The Integrated Food Security Programme (IFSP) in Malawi was a complex, multisector activity that sought to improve food security and nutrition in one of the country’s most vulnerable, least-performing regions. Implemented by GTZ (now GIZ) on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) between 1996 and 2003 (with a 12-month extension supported by the European Union), the IFSP’s end-line evaluation reported that the intervention had achieved its objectives. It was noted that “the programme made a significant contribution to the food security of the people in the impact area,” and that “the approach taken…was good” (DeGabriele 2004a, p. 4).  \r\nThat being the case, why revisit it now? In part, because it is useful to consider whether gains made in the past have been sustained. But more broadly it is because there are lessons to be drawn from this example that may contribute to new thinking on models of integrated, multisectoral programming updated for the twenty-first century. This review comes at a time of renewed attention to food security and nutrition as priority development challenges, on the one hand, and to the potential for integrated programming (that links agriculture, nutrition, and health), on the other hand. A heightened focus on food security, particularly since the upward pressures on food prices globally since 2007, has led to a flurry of responses, including group commitments like those made by G-20 leaders at the 2009 L’Aquila Summit (US$22 billion over three years to agriculture and nutrition), as well as other contributions to food security trust funds like the European Union’s Food Faculty and the World Bank-managed Global Food Crisis Response Facility. It also \r\nresulted in a reorientation of priorities among some individual donors, such as the US Feed the Future initiative (USG 2010), which puts a premium on tackling low productivity in agriculture and low productivity in people due to malnutrition and ill health. Similarly, the British government recently acknowledged nutrition as an integral element of any actions taken to tackle food insecurity (DFID 2010).  \r\nBut how best to “integrate” actions across sectors? Recent efforts to collate empirical evidence of programmatic and policy effectiveness have included the 2008 Lancet series on maternal and child undernutrition, the World Bank’s costing exercises on how to scale up nutrition actions (Horton et. al. 2010), and related nutrition landscaping exercises by WHO, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Scaling Up Nutrition alliance (SCN 2010). Additional reviews have focused on agricultural effectiveness (Timmer 2009; IFPRI 2009), the quality and role of food aid programming (Webb et al. 2011), and the potential for leveraging agriculture to support gains in health and nutrition (Fan and Brzeska 2011).  \r\nEach of these increasingly convergent agendas has recognized two core principles: food security can only be effectively achieved through joint, coordinated action that addresses agricultural productivity, nutrition, health, and natural resource management simultaneously; and country ownership and local capacity have to be enhanced if any gains in agriculture or nutrition are to be sustained. As argued by the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition (UN/SCN 2009, p. 1), “food security approaches to nutrition require systemic, multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral approaches.”2\r\n', 'Patrick Webb (2011), Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Lessons Learned from the Integrated Food Security Programme (IFSP), Mulanje, Malawi .', 'Patrick Webb, Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Lessons Learned from the Integrated Food Security Programme (IFSP), Mulanje, Malawi (2011).', 'Patrick Webb (2011), Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: Lessons Learned from the Integrated Food Security Programme (IFSP), Mulanje, Malawi .', '00012achiviengfoodandnutrition2011.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(576, 'Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems (IAA) for Enhanced Food Production and Income Diversification in Tanzania ', 'Deogratias Mulokozi', '2021', 'Dissertations', '', '57083', '28 May 2021', 'Aquaculture production in Tanzania has increased in recent years, responding to an increased demand for fish, partly because of an increasing population and declining catches of wild fish. However, the current aquaculture production is still low, dominated by small scale farming systems, that are struggling with a number of challenges such as lack of improved fish breeds, feeds, technical skills and low adoption rates. This thesis aims to assess the status of fish pond farming with a focus on integrated agriculture and aquaculture (IAA) systems in Tanzania, and to provide guidance on how these systems could be further developed to help local farmers to diversify their food production and income generation. Methodologies included field observations, interviews, structured questionnaires, field experiments and laboratory analyses. Two field surveys in six districts and seven regions of Tanzania provided insights on the current status and the contribution of small-scale pond farming and IAA to household income and food production. Differences between IAA and non-IAA fish farming practices, and their influence on farm productivity and profitability were assessed. Also, opportunities, constraints and farmers’ future plans for fish farming were explored. Two field experiments were conducted on selected IAA systems identified during the surveys. One assessed the effect of including amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) waste in locally produced fish feed on the yield of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Another investigated how the combination of different vegetables (A. hybridus and Brassica rapa pekinensis) and stocking densities of O. niloticus affected the water use efficiency, need for synthetic fertilizers and overall farm productivity and profitability. The results show that small scale fish farming contributed with 13% of the farmers’ income. 38% of the fish was used for consumption and the remaining part was sold, contributing to both food security and livelihood diversification. Integration of tilapia and vegetables was the most common type of IAA system applied. Local feed ingredients contained medium to high content of crude protein, with high fat content in some animal by-products. The fish yield from the IAA ponds was 60% higher compared to non-IAA ponds because of a more frequent use of on-farm resources and better management. The net income from IAA ponds was 175% higher compared to non-IAA ponds, due to reduced costs and higher yields. Major constraints included water problems, lack of technical skills and good quality fish seeds and feeds. Overall, fish farmers had a positive attitude towards fish farming and the majority were willing to continue with fish farming, with IAA farmers being more positive than non-IAA farmers. The use of amaranth wastes as a fish feed ingredient in a tilapia-amaranth integrated system did not affect the fish growth and yield, but rather improved the feed conversion ratio. The multiple use of water in integrated tilapia-vegetable systems increased the water use efficiency and reduced the need for synthetic fertilizers. Although water from high fish stocking densities increased the vegetable yield, the overall farm productivity in the IAA system was negatively affected because of low fish growth and survival rates. Since agriculture is already popular and fish farming is expanding, promotion of IAA systems could provide an entry point for an increased adoption of aquaculture among rural farmers.\r\nKeywords: Smallholder farmers, Oreochromis niloticus, Amaranthus hybridus, food production, household income diversification, water use efficiency, farm net income', 'Deogratias Mulokozi (2021), Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems (IAA) for Enhanced Food Production and Income Diversification in Tanzania .', 'Deogratias Mulokozi, Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems (IAA) for Enhanced Food Production and Income Diversification in Tanzania (2021).', 'Deogratias Mulokozi (2021), Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems (IAA) for Enhanced Food Production and Income Diversification in Tanzania .', '00013intergratedagrculture2021.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(577, 'GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK  FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS ', 'ILO', '2021', 'Public Reports', '', '87585', '28 May 2021', '', 'ILO (2021), GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK  FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS .', 'ILO, GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK  FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS (2021).', 'ILO (2021), GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK  FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS .', '00014globalbusinessnetworks2017.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(578, 'Global Drylands: A UN system-wide response ', 'the Environment Management Group', '2011', 'Public Reports', '', '73245', '28 May 2021', 'Global Drylands: A UN system-wide response sets out for the first time a coherent strategy by the United Nations to address the special needs of drylands from the perspective of the environment and human settlements. \r\nPrepared by members of the UN Environment Management Group (EMG), the report responds to calls by governments for a UN system-wide response to land challenges. It sets out a common vision and agenda for UN-wide action on dryland management and its role in addressing climate change and food security through a positive development and investment approach. \r\nThe important premise of this report is that drylands – in developing countries in particular – have tended to be de facto ‘investment deserts’, plagued by chronic underinvestment. With the Rio+20 summit around the corner, we must worth together to overcome the myth that practising environmental sustainability will always be at the expense of the economy.\r\nOngoing economic development provides the surest foundation for managing the economic consequences of environmental variability, taking advantage of new or emerging opportunities and adapting to the impacts of climate change. However, such development must be done sustainably and equitably in the context of a Green Economy. \r\nThe technologies for such a transition are available, and so, the question arises of identifying and overcoming the constraints or barriers to the ‘re-capitalization’ of drylands in developing nations.\r\nWith its global reach and diverse range of activities and expertise, the UN system is uniquely positioned to catalyze this transition. I welcome the commitment by EMG members, as set out in this report, to demonstrate the benefits that a multi-sectoral approach can bring to the development and implementation of the international drylands agenda. Ultimately, this report shows that environmental sustainability and poverty reduction are intricately linked and must be approached holistically. \r\nAchim Steiner United Nations Under-Secretary-General Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme Chair of the Environment Management Group\r\nAs the 18 UN agencies that contributed to this report continue their engagement on land issues, we can look forward to an action plan and clear results-based objectives for the UN’s drylands initiatives as we unite to improve the well-being of drylands communities. ', 'the Environment Management Group (2011), Global Drylands: A UN system-wide response .', 'the Environment Management Group, Global Drylands: A UN system-wide response (2011).', 'the Environment Management Group (2011), Global Drylands: A UN system-wide response .', '00014globaldry.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(579, 'The State of Food Insecurity in the World - Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises', 'FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ', '2010', 'Public Reports', '', '34652', '28 May 2021', 'After increasing sharply from 2006 to 2009, owing to high food prices and the global economic crisis, the number of undernourished people in the world is estimated to have declined in 2010 as the global economy recovers (Figure 1). But the number of undernourished people remains unacceptably high – higher than it was before the recent crises, higher than it was 40 years ago, and higher than the level that existed when the hunger-reduction target was agreed at the World Food Summit in 1996 (see Box 1). Based on the latest available data, the total number of undernourished people in the world is estimated to have reached 1 023 million in 2009 and is expected to decline by 9.6 percent to 925 million in 2010. Developing countries account for 98 percent of the world’s undernourished people and have a prevalence of undernourishment of 16 percent (Figure 2) – down from 18 percent in 2009 but still well above the target set by  the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1. Global cereal harvests have been strong for the past several years – even as the number of undernourished people was rising – but the overall improvement in food security in 2010 reflects improved access to food through the expected resumption of economic growth, particularly in developing countries, combined with food prices that remain below the peaks of 2008. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that world economic output will increase by 4.2 percent in 2010, faster than previously expected, following a contraction of 0.6 percent in 2009.1 In general, gross domestic product (GDP) is growing faster in emerging economies and developing \r\n ', 'FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS  (2010), The State of Food Insecurity in the World - Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises.', 'FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS , The State of Food Insecurity in the World - Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises(2010).', 'FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS  (2010), The State of Food Insecurity in the World - Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises.', '00016foodinsecurityintheworld2010.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(580, 'ICRISAT Eastern and Southern Africa 2008 Highlights', 'ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics)', '2009', 'Public Reports', '', '56397', '28 May 2021', 'Agriculture – the backbone of most African economies – provides 60% of all employment and supports 70−80% of the populations in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA). ICRISAT-ESA’s research strategy has three regional programs on genetic resources enhancement and management; agricultural diversifi cation and agro-ecosystem sustainability; and improving markets, policies and institutions. These programs are designed to address the various challenges in the region such as low productivity, poor market access, weak national capacities, and a lack of enabling policies and institutions. The six stories in this 2008 Annual Report have their roots in at least one of the three regional programs. The new medium-duration varieties of pigeonpea in Malawi demonstrate the need for breeding solutions that take into account cultural practices as well as agro-ecological variations within a country and dryland areas of ESA. Understanding the passage of chickpea from the farmers’ fi elds to the consumer overseas provides new insight into the various links and relationships that constitute markets in Ethiopia. The infl uence of government policies on the seed sector is revealed in a story on Malawi’s subsidy program. New technologies must fi rst be tested and the associated risk evaluated before they are released. ICRISAT’s work on assessing genefl ow in sorghum contributes to a global initiative to boost nutritional security through biofortifi cation. The development and adoption of new technologies require new partnerships and new approaches. The last two stories describe ICRISAT’s changing relationship with the national meteorological services as well as a new approach to promote technology adoption in the region. ICRISAT-ESA’s regional strategy is designed to deliver impacts through the application of science and technology in a development context. We hope these stories provide a greater understanding of the Institute’s work that is contributing to achieving poverty-focused solutions for smallholder farmers in eastern and southern Africa. ', 'ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) (2009), ICRISAT Eastern and Southern Africa 2008 Highlights.', 'ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), ICRISAT Eastern and Southern Africa 2008 Highlights(2009).', 'ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) (2009), ICRISAT Eastern and Southern Africa 2008 Highlights.', '00017easternafrica2009.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(581, 'What happens once the intervention ends? the medium-term impacts of a cash transfer programme in Malawi ', 'Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Craig Mclntosh and Berk Ozler', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '12873', '28 May 2021', '', 'Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Craig Mclntosh and Berk Ozler (2015), What happens once the intervention ends? the medium-term impacts of a cash transfer programme in Malawi .', 'Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Craig Mclntosh and Berk Ozler, What happens once the intervention ends? the medium-term impacts of a cash transfer programme in Malawi (2015).', 'Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Craig Mclntosh and Berk Ozler (2015), What happens once the intervention ends? the medium-term impacts of a cash transfer programme in Malawi .', '00018whathappensonceintervationends2017.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(582, 'DESIGNING WEATHER INSURANCE CONTRACTS FOR FARMERS Prepared by: Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward Internat', 'Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward', '2007', 'Public Reports', '', '90785', '28 May 2021', 'In this report, we describe our project products to World Bank’s Commodity Risk Management Group (CMRG) in the development and evaluation of index insurance contracts for smallholder farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, and Kenya. The development of some products we are providing was supported at no cost by the NSF-funded Center for Research on Environmental Decisions. Index-insurance is one type of weather risk management that has recently developed as a potential tool to reduce weather risk in agriculture. While traditional insurance insures against crop failure (actual loss), index insurance insures for a specific event or risk, such as rainfall deficits (Skees 1999). Thus, the index insurance removes one or more production risks, but does not account for the loss itself. This method addresses two problems associated with traditional crop insurance: moral hazard (where farmers have incentive to let their crops fail in order to receive a payout) and adverse selection (where those farmers less skilled at farming purchase the insurance, resulting in higher premium levels and more frequent payouts). Since the index insurance only covers a specific risk, it only provides partial protection and is therefore only one part of a complete risk management package. The index insurance also becomes a more affordable option, in that there is no need for in-field assessment of damage, as damage is able to be tracked by weather data directly (in the case of rainfall, a rain gauge would be the device used). The Malawi experience provides an example of the potential for using index insurance in developing countries to assist emerging markets and increase productivity of small holder farmers, with a bundled index insurance, loan, and input package in its second year of implementation. Our project supports this implementation. Partners include the National Smallholder Farmers’ Association of Malawi (NASFAM), in conjunction with the Opportunity International Bank of Malawi (OIBM), the Malawi Rural Finance Company Limited (MRFC), the Insurance Association of Malawi, and the Malawi Meteorological Service, with support from the World Bank CRMG and IRI. ICRISAT and the Chitedze Agricultural Research Station provided important and influential input in the design process. ', 'Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward (2007), DESIGNING WEATHER INSURANCE CONTRACTS FOR FARMERS Prepared by: Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward International Research Institute for Climate and Society Earth Institute, Columbia University In Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya.', 'Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward, DESIGNING WEATHER INSURANCE CONTRACTS FOR FARMERS Prepared by: Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward International Research Institute for Climate and Society Earth Institute, Columbia University In Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya(2007).', 'Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward (2007), DESIGNING WEATHER INSURANCE CONTRACTS FOR FARMERS Prepared by: Daniel Osgood, Megan McLaurin, Miguel Carriquiry, Ashok Mishra, Francesco Fiondella, James Hansen, Nicole Peterson and Neil Ward International Research Institute for Climate and Society Earth Institute, Columbia University In Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya.', '00019designingwheatherinsurance.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(583, 'IS COMMUNITY RADIO PROMOTING      SOCIAL CHANGE IN MALAWI? ', 'Alaudin Salim Osman ', '2008', 'Dissertations', '', '97665', '28 May 2021', 'This study explores the effectiveness of community radio as a medium for \r\nbringing about social change in Malawi.   \r\nIt identifies several problem areas that are threatening the future of community \r\nradio broadcasting in the country. It provides a comparative analysis of \r\noperational strategies of community radio in neighbouring Mozambique, \r\nTanzania and Zambia that Malawi could draw lessons from.  \r\nThis study argues for a reformation of the country’s communications law and \r\nbroadcasting policies for the development of a revitalized community radio \r\nbroadcasting sector that would be an effective agent of social change, economic \r\ndevelopment and the promotion of democracy in Malawi.', 'Alaudin Salim Osman  (2008), IS COMMUNITY RADIO PROMOTING      SOCIAL CHANGE IN MALAWI? .', 'Alaudin Salim Osman , IS COMMUNITY RADIO PROMOTING      SOCIAL CHANGE IN MALAWI? (2008).', 'Alaudin Salim Osman  (2008), IS COMMUNITY RADIO PROMOTING      SOCIAL CHANGE IN MALAWI? .', '00018iscommunityradiopromote.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions');
INSERT INTO `books` (`ID`, `Name`, `Author`, `Year`, `Category`, `Cite`, `File`, `Date`, `Descreption`, `APA`, `Chicago`, `Cambridge`, `Cover`, `Org`) VALUES
(584, 'Farm Ponds For Water, Fish And Livehoods', 'James W. Miller', '2009', 'Public Reports', '', '61520', '28 May 2021', 'The purpose of the FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets is to raise awareness and provide decision support information about opportunities at farm and local community level to increase the incomes of small-scale farmers.  Each booklet focuses on a farm or non-farm enterprise that can be integrated into small farms to increase incomes and enhance livelihoods. The enterprises proﬁled in the FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets are suitable for smallholder farmers in terms of resource requirements, additional costs, exposure to risk and complexity. The products or services generated by the enterprises are suitable for meeting demand on a growing, or already strong, local market and are not dependent on an export market.  The main target audience for these booklets are people and organizations that provide advisory, business and technical support services to resourcepoor small-scale farmers and local communities in low- and middle-income countries. It is hoped that enough information is given to help these support service providers to consider new income-generating opportunities and how these might enable small-scale farmers to take action. What are the potential beneﬁts? What are farmer requirements and constraints? What are critical ‘success factors’?  The FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets are also targeted to policy-makers and programme managers in government and non-governmental organizations. What actions might policy-makers take to create enabling environments for small-scale farmers to diversify into new income-generating activities?  The FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets are not intended to be technical ‘how to do it’ guidelines. Readers will need to seek more information or technical support, so as to provide farmer advisory and support activities relating to the introduction of new income-generating activities. To assist in this respect, each booklet identiﬁes additional sources of information, technical support and website addresses.  A CD has been prepared with a full series of FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets and FAO technical guides, together with complementary guides on market research, ﬁnancing, business planning, etc. Copies of the CD are available on request from FAO. FAO Diversiﬁcation booklets can also be downloaded from the FAO Internet site.  If you ﬁnd this booklet of value, we would like to hear from you. Tell your colleagues and friends about it. FAO would welcome suggestions about possible changes for enhancing our next edition or regarding relevant topics for other booklets. By sharing your views and ideas with us we can provide better services to you. ', 'James W. Miller (2009), F ar m p o n d s  f o r w at er , fi s h a n d l i v e li h o o d s.', 'James W. Miller, F ar m p o n d s  f o r w at er , fi s h a n d l i v e li h o o d s(2009).', 'James W. Miller (2009), F ar m p o n d s  f o r w at er , fi s h a n d l i v e li h o o d s.', '00019farmponds.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(585, 'MALAWI FERTILIZER ASSESSMENT', 'the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)', '2013', 'Public Reports', '', '20724', '28 May 2021', 'To address the challenges of poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition, the Government of Malawi (GoM) is implementing the second phase of the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS II), which encompasses policies and programs in line with the pillars of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) framework. Under the MGDS II, the GoM has committed to raise agricultural growth by at least 6.0 percent and keep the national budget allocated to agriculture to at least 10 percent, in compliance with the CAADP. To achieve these goals, the GoM has adopted the Agricultural Development Plan (ADP), embraced in the Agriculture-Sector Wide Approach (A-SWAp).  \r\nThe agricultural sector in Malawi is dominated by smallholder farmers with low productivity. Considering the small size of the country and the limited availability of arable/crop land, there is a need to raise productivity through agricultural intensification. A key tenet to raising productivity and production to achieve the agricultural growth rates of the A-SWAp is the adoption of improved technologies such as integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) and modern cropping practices, while in the process, increasing smallholder farmers’ incomes. This report provides information and estimates of fertilizer consumption levels necessary to achieve the A-SWAp growth rate that will contribute to reaching the targets of the MGDS II by 2016. It also analyzes the challenges in the supply chain and recommends policies that will support the increased levels of projected fertilizer consumption.   \r\nThe estimates in this assessment indicate that Malawi must double its consumption from 297,000 metric tons (mt) of fertilizer products to 600,000 mt annually in order to meet the agriculture sector growth targets by 2016. This level of fertilizer use will require addressing existing constraints in the supply chain so that larger volumes of products can be handled without significant issues. This includes addressing bottlenecks in the procurement of fertilizer and logistics and financing issues as well as research and extension services for agro-dealer and farmer capacity building.  ', 'the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2013), MALAWI FERTILIZER ASSESSMENT.', 'the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), MALAWI FERTILIZER ASSESSMENT(2013).', 'the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2013), MALAWI FERTILIZER ASSESSMENT.', '00019malawifertlizerassessment.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(586, 'Review of food and agricultural policies in Malawi ', 'Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP)', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '78992', '28 May 2021', 'The Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP) programme supports governments in identifying, articulating and assessing options for reforming food and agricultural policies. The programme has four main objectives:\r\n•	Collect, assemble and use targeted and policyrelevant data including prices, market access costs and public expenditure in support of the food and agriculture sector, as well as policy decisions;\r\n•	Consolidate and strengthen national policy monitoring systems to measure policy effects and identify current policy ‘problems’ that affect the competitiveness of agricultural producers;\r\n•	Articulate policy options and assess respective ex-post and ex-ante analysis to support suitable government reforms;\r\n•	Engage national stakeholders and development partners in policy dialogue as part of a more inclusive policy reform process.\r\nSince 2009, FAO’s MAFAP programme has been working in several developing countries to create sustainable policy monitoring systems and carry out a consistent set of policy and public expenditure analyses across a wide range of agricultural value chains.\r\nTo do this, MAFAP works with national partners to build capacity and systematically analyse the impact of food and agriculture policies and public expenditure on market incentives and disincentives faced by producers and other actors in key agricultural value chains. MAFAP analyses are used to inform targeted food and agricultural policy reforms that will result in a more conducive environment for agricultural investment and productivity growth, especially for smallholder farmers.\r\nMAFAP’s quantitative indicators are comparable across commodities, countries and over time.  They provide sound evidence to support informed policy dialogue at national, regional and international levels, and can therefore be used to advocate for policy reforms when and where they are needed. Moreover, the common set of indicators makes it easier to understand how different food and agricultural policies work in various contexts.\r\nThis report constitutes the first compendium of the policy monitoring and analysis work undertaken in the \r\nframework of MAFAP in Malawi. It offers an overview of MAFAP results based on a rigorous methodology for measuring the effects of agricultural and food policies on agriculture and rural development, for analysing the level and composition of public expenditure allocated to food and agriculture and analysing the policy coherence. The approach is novel as it has not been used in Malawi before. The report establishes a baseline to support the dialogue on such policies in Malawi among key decision makers and with development partners. This MAFAP report seeks to: (1) establish a baseline for a monitoring system to measure policy effects; (2) provide evidence based information on policy effects and public expenditure allocated to food and agriculture; (3) identify current policy constraints to agricultural development; (4) inform and engage policy dialogue, especially on the key constraints on production incentives for farmers or accelerated development of specific value chains; and (5) promote a more inclusive policy reform process. However, the report alone is not intended to advocate for particular reforms: according to the MAFAP phase II (2014–2019) approach, such changes must be endogenous, and if they take place, must result from an intensive and highly consultative dialogue on government policies, primarily with the government but also among other stakeholders in the country.', 'Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP) (2015), Review of food and agricultural policies in Malawi .', 'Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP), Review of food and agricultural policies in Malawi (2015).', 'Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP) (2015), Review of food and agricultural policies in Malawi .', '000019reviewoffood.PNG', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(587, 'The Analysis on Fama and French Asset- Pricing Model to select stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO)', 'Mohammad Mehdi Kianpoora,b,* , Ali Dehghanic', '2015', 'Public Reports', '', '36860', '29 June 2021', 'Employing quantitative techniques has been dramatically increased in financing industry during 20 recent years. These models\r\nhave been primarily utilized in risk management and through measurement models of risk different sources. Fama-French Asset\r\nPricing Model has been explored to select stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO) in this study. The time\r\nperiod (2008-2012) has been used to test hypotheses. Statistical population of this study includes stocks in all admitted\r\nenterprises in Bourse Market. Stocks of some enterprises have entered in and also exited from bourse market within period of this\r\nsurvey. Some constraints have been exerted to exclude these enterprises from domain of this study in order to improve reliability\r\nof study as well as reducing negative effects of such stocks. In this course, multivariate and three- variable regression model was\r\nprimarily employed to compute expected efficiency rate and then the given portfolios were compared according to criteria\r\nincluding portfolio real efficiency, portfolio risk, and market efficiency index. The monthly, quarterly, and annual time-series of\r\ndata have been utilized to test hypotheses. Statistical techniques were used to test hypotheses along with three- variable\r\nregression, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and Durbin- Watson statistic, and also P-P Plot and scatter diagram (homogeneity of\r\nvariance) as well as Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. ', 'Mohammad Mehdi Kianpoora,b,* , Ali Dehghanic (2015), The Analysis on Fama and French Asset- Pricing Model to select stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO).', 'Mohammad Mehdi Kianpoora,b,* , Ali Dehghanic, The Analysis on Fama and French Asset- Pricing Model to select stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO)(2015).', 'Mohammad Mehdi Kianpoora,b,* , Ali Dehghanic (2015), The Analysis on Fama and French Asset- Pricing Model to select stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO).', 'book1.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(588, 'MW2063 Agenda', 'National Planning Commission', '', 'Public Reports', '', '17255', '19 September 2021', '‘We as Malawians desire and resolve to be an inclusively wealthy and\r\nself-reliant industrialized upper-middle-income country by the year\r\n2063, so we can fund our development needs primarily by ourselves.\r\nOur manufacturing industry shall have strong forward and backward\r\nlinkages with the sectors that will drive it. We shall achieve this Vision\r\nthrough collective effort and shall not allow any state or non-state actor\r\nto derail us.’', 'National Planning Commission (), MW2063 Agenda.', 'National Planning Commission, MW2063 Agenda().', 'National Planning Commission (), MW2063 Agenda.', 'download.jpeg', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(589, 'SPEECH  BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR LAZARUS MCCARTHY CHAKWERA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI  AT THE LAUNCH OF THE PRESIDENTIAL DELIVERY LAB AT CAPITOL HILL', 'H.E Dr Lazarous Chakwela', '2021', 'Speeches', '', '20439', '20 October 2021', 'Three weeks before last Christmas, I announced my plan to set up a Presidential Delivery Unit in my office here at Capitol Hill. Although we explained the purpose of this PDU, many people either chose to spread false stories about it or chose to spread fear on the basis of those lies. Still, I knew that a Delivery Unit in my office is necessary for accelerating the implementation of our key promises to Malawians, and so I pressed on.', 'H.E Dr Lazarous Chakwela (2021), SPEECH  BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR LAZARUS MCCARTHY CHAKWERA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI  AT THE LAUNCH OF THE PRESIDENTIAL DELIVERY LAB AT CAPITOL HILL.', 'H.E Dr Lazarous Chakwela, SPEECH  BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR LAZARUS MCCARTHY CHAKWERA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI  AT THE LAUNCH OF THE PRESIDENTIAL DELIVERY LAB AT CAPITOL HILL(2021).', 'H.E Dr Lazarous Chakwela (2021), SPEECH  BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR LAZARUS MCCARTHY CHAKWERA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI  AT THE LAUNCH OF THE PRESIDENTIAL DELIVERY LAB AT CAPITOL HILL.', 'Untitled design (12).jpg', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(590, 'MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY', 'Malawi Government', '2018', 'Malawi Policies', '', '98233', '18 March 2022', 'The Government of Malawi (GoM) realises that industrial and socio-economic development\r\nof the country depends on access to modern, reliable and sufficient energy. As such, it has put\r\nthe energy sector as a priority in its National Development Agenda. The Government further\r\nrealises that sustainable development and management of energy sector through well-defined\r\npolicies including legal and institutional frameworks, international assistance from\r\ndevelopment partners, and partnerships with the private sector positively impact on other\r\nsectors.\r\nIn view of this, the National Energy Policy of 2003 has been revised to provide a new policy\r\ndirection and guidance to all stakeholders in the implementation of energy interventions. This\r\nis necessary in order to spur development as aspired for in the Malawi Vision 2020, and\r\nMalawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) III in the national agenda, and\r\nSustainable Energy for All Initiative and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the\r\ninternational agenda.', 'Malawi Government (2018), MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY.', 'Malawi Government, MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY(2018).', 'Malawi Government (2018), MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY.', 'Energy.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(591, 'MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY (2003)', 'Malawi Government', '2003', 'Malawi Policies', '', '50025', '18 March 2022', 'In my Foreword to the Vision 2020 (1998), I did challenge managers of various\r\nsectors of our national economy to come up with sound policies, strategies and\r\nprograms that can practically support the realization of our collective aspiration to\r\nbuild a prosperous nation, a nation whose economy is technologically driven and one\r\nthat would have attained a middle income status by the year 2020.\r\nThis challenge was more recently echoed in the Poverty Reduction Strategy (2002), which\r\nforms a centre pin of my Government’s development agenda, where both public and\r\nprivate sector agencies are invited to support the Vision 2020 by developing and\r\nimplementing „pro-poor projects‟. The need to urgently respond to these calls is\r\nunderscored by our recognition that poverty, which is rampant in the country with\r\n65% of the people living on less than a Dollar a day, is an unacceptable condition for\r\na people living in the 21st Century', 'Malawi Government (2003), MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY (2003).', 'Malawi Government, MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY (2003)(2003).', 'Malawi Government (2003), MALAWI NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY (2003).', 'Energy 2003.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(593, 'Malawi National Access to Information Policy', 'Malawi Government', '2014', 'Malawi Policies', '', '81569', '18 March 2022', 'The Malawi Government, has developed the National Access to Information (ATI) Policy to guide the process of wider public knowledge about governance and democracy, and the right of Malawians to make their choices and decisions freely, thus increasing the capacity to enjoy fundamental freedoms. The National ATI Policy will govern the provision of access to public information which is essential for promoting civil, political and socio-economic rights, as well as promoting accountability, transparency and participatory development and governance.\r\nThe Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) II recognizes information as crucial for socio – economic development of the country. Popular participation of citizens in development, governance and democratic processes will increase if the population has access to timely and relevant information. This Policy, therefore, has been developed in line with MGDS II.', 'Malawi Government (2014), Malawi National Access to Information Policy.', 'Malawi Government, Malawi National Access to Information Policy(2014).', 'Malawi Government (2014), Malawi National Access to Information Policy.', 'Access to info.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(594, 'Malawi National Education Policy', 'Malawi Government ', '2013', 'Malawi Policies', '', '99993', '18 March 2022', 'The National Education Policy (NEP) is designed to respond to the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II (MGDS II) and various related national education policies including regional and international protocols on education. The policy recognizes that Early Childhood Education (ECD), primary and secondary education is critical foundations to tertiary education. It further recognizes the importance of inclusion of special needs education, out-of-school youth and adult literacy in the education sector. The NEP attempts to define the provision of quality education in a holistic manner through expanded access and equity, improved quality and relevance, and improved governance and management.\r\nThe NEP is the Malawi Government’s document that spells out government policy on education. It outlines the sector’s priorities and defines the country’s education policies that will guide the development of the education sector in Malawi. The government recognizes that education is the backbone for socio-economic development, economic growth and a major source of economic empowerment for all people especially women, the youth and the physically challenged. It also has a strong impact on literacy; behaviour in terms of reproductive, maternal and child health; and on knowledge of HIV and AIDS. The policy also subscribes itself to the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) to development, planning and financing of the education sector in line with the Malawi Development Assistance Strategy and Sector Working Group Guidelines', 'Malawi Government  (2013), Malawi National Education Policy.', 'Malawi Government , Malawi National Education Policy(2013).', 'Malawi Government  (2013), Malawi National Education Policy.', 'Education.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(595, 'Malawi Land Policy ', 'Malawi Government ', '2002', 'Malawi Policies', '', '96823', '18 March 2022', 'Land is the most basic of all resources available for social and economic development in Malawi. When considered in combination with water, it produces other resources including arable soils, forest, pasture, wildlife habitat and marine ecosystems valuable to people. Through the forces of nature and/or prior actions of many generations, these resources are spatially distributed in differing quantities in differing locations throughout Malawi. This distribution of land related resources is, however, not static; people have the ability to alter the mix. They can conserve or deplete existing resources or they can invest time and effort to improve the stock of certain land resources by improving accessibility.\r\nPolicy planning is a conscious effort on the part of policy-makers to achieve, via appropriate policy instruments, both national goals and specific targets for resource allocation outcome. In that sense, this national land policy, presented in the form of a coherent socio-economic policy framework, should legitimately be viewed as seeking a mechanism to promote proper stewardship of land resources for development. The policy provides a sound institutional framework for land management and introduces, among others, much needed procedures for more effective land based investment selection, land market transactions and management of development at all levels.', 'Malawi Government  (2002), Malawi Land Policy .', 'Malawi Government , Malawi Land Policy (2002).', 'Malawi Government  (2002), Malawi Land Policy .', 'Land.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(596, 'Malawi   National Water Policy ', 'Malawi Government ', '2005', 'Malawi Policies', '', '94095', '18 March 2022', 'The Government of the Republic of Malawi, realizing the dependency of the economy on water\r\nresources and its impact on poverty reduction, considers the conservation, management, development\r\nand utilization of water resources as one of the priorities on its national development agenda which\r\nrequire supportive policies and legislation.\r\nThe Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development has come up with policies and guidelines for\r\nproper implementation of various activities in the Water and Sanitation Sector. The sector faces a\r\nnumber of challenges and threats and equally it has a number of opportunities. The National Water\r\nPolicy outlines strategies on how to tackle these issues in an integrated manner in order to effectively\r\ncontribute towards achieving the National Development Agenda', 'Malawi Government  (2005), Malawi   National Water Policy .', 'Malawi Government , Malawi   National Water Policy (2005).', 'Malawi Government  (2005), Malawi   National Water Policy .', 'Water.png', 'Neytech Solutions'),
(597, 'Malawi National ICT Policy ', 'Malawi Government ', '2013', 'Malawi Policies', '', '58957', '18 March 2022', 'The National Information and Communications Technology Policy has been developed by Government of Malawi to give direction on ICT development in the country.\r\nThe ICT Policy will support the national goal of wealth creation and reduction of poverty through sustainable economic growth and infrastructure development.\r\nThe policy is providing a framework for deployment, exploitation and development of ICT to support the process of accelerated socio-economic development in Malawi. Government will provide direction for systematic ICT program development, implementation, monitoring and review through this policy. Government aims at consolidating an ICT approach for the mobilization, allocation and utilization of resources to realize institutional, community, sector and national development policies and strategies', 'Malawi Government  (2013), Malawi National ICT Policy .', 'Malawi Government , Malawi National ICT Policy (2013).', 'Malawi Government  (2013), Malawi National ICT Policy .', 'ICT.png', 'Neytech Solutions');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `collaboitems`
--

CREATE TABLE `collaboitems` (
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  `Date` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Collabo` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `Uploader` int(11) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `collaboitems2`
--

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  `Date` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Collabo` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `Uploader` int(11) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `collaboitems2`
--

INSERT INTO `collaboitems2` (`ID`, `Description`, `File`, `Date`, `Collabo`, `Uploader`) VALUES
(1, 'the begginng of a new life', 'Tiyeni (Prod by Tbak & Trappy Beatz).jpg', '26 April 2021', 1, 53),
(2, '56756', 'Dona Wane (Prod by Nic Nather & Highgrames).jpg', '26 April 2021', 1, 53),
(3, '6yu6', 'Tiyeni (Prod by Tbak & Trappy Beatz).jpg', '26 April 2021', 1, 64);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `collaborators`
--

CREATE TABLE `collaborators` (
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  `Fullname` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Org` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Date` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Approval` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Topic` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `Researcher` int(11) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `collaborators`
--

INSERT INTO `collaborators` (`ID`, `Fullname`, `Org`, `Date`, `Approval`, `Topic`, `Researcher`) VALUES
(1, '14', ' Mzuzu University', '12 April 2021', 'Pending', 5, 12),
(2, '', '', '21 April 2021', 'Pending', 3, 61);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `collaborators2`
--

CREATE TABLE `collaborators2` (
  `ID` int(11) NOT NULL,
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  `Org` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Date` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Approval` varchar(100) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
  `Topic` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `Researcher` int(11) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;

--
-- Dumping data for table `collaborators2`
--

INSERT INTO `collaborators2` (`ID`, `Fullname`, `Org`, `Date`, `Approval`, `Topic`, `Researcher`) VALUES
(1, '64', '', '26 April 2021', 'Accepted', 5, 53),
(2, '65', '', '26 April 2021', 'Accepted', 5, 53);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `colleges`
--

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  `Username` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
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--
-- Dumping data for table `colleges`
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(8, ' Mzuzu University', '16 March 2021', 'Active', '5 uyy.jfif', 'mzuni', '$2y$10$i76wsBLv4cGZdYODqikiSeepuZrBSo8zZtoowqXzQboeQWsvcBB86', 'Basic'),
(9, ' Building futures in Malawi', '04 January 2022', 'Active', 'WhatsApp Image 2021-12-17 at 17.32.39.jpeg', 'BFM', '$2y$10$JSpJI31pyCQ5/nV0gO3spuMqIJ0x8vHnA1GJEkwzQwEVJb522/jmG', 'Basic');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `library`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `library`
--

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(7, 'Books', 'Active'),
(8, 'Journals', 'Deactive'),
(9, 'Dissertations', 'Deactive'),
(10, 'Newspapers', 'Active'),
(11, 'Video & Audio', 'Active'),
(12, 'Handouts', 'Active'),
(13, 'Magazines', 'Active'),
(14, 'Pamphlets', 'Deactive'),
(15, 'News', 'Deactive'),
(16, 'Exclusive interviews', 'Active'),
(17, 'Published Journals', 'Active'),
(18, 'Unpublished Journals', 'Active'),
(19, 'Published Dissertations', 'Active'),
(20, 'Unpublished Dissertations', 'Active'),
(21, 'Corporate Reports', 'Active'),
(22, 'Judicially Literature', 'Active'),
(23, 'Government Reports', 'Active'),
(24, 'Public Reports', 'Active'),
(25, 'Health Sector Literature', 'Active'),
(26, 'Christianity', 'Active'),
(27, 'Speeches', 'Active'),
(28, 'Malawi Policies', 'Active'),
(29, 'Malawi National Acts', 'Active'),
(30, 'National Strategic Plans', 'Active');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `package`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `package`
--

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(4, 'Magazines', 'Basic'),
(5, 'News', 'Basic'),
(7, 'Books', 'Standard'),
(8, 'Video & Audio', 'Premium'),
(10, 'Newspapers', 'Standard'),
(11, 'Unpublished Dissertations', 'Basic'),
(12, 'Unpublished Journals', 'Basic');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `research`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `research`
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(12, '5', '', '', '', '', '26 April 2021', ''),
(13, '6', '', '', '', '', '26 April 2021', ''),
(14, '7', '', '', '', '', '08 October 2021', '');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `students`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `students`
--

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(14, ' Precious ', 'Chalenga', 'prelo', '$2y$10$WksST0oukyZHQAnHG4Y3Le9sMNyqV55H3bQ3JSZwRliGiOFBIIF6u', ' Mzuzu University', 'Same Cris - Ndimadyela Momo.jfif', '29 March 2021', 'bict2c0715', ''),
(16, ' Kondwani ', 'Mushali', 'ney', '$2y$10$8GcpYlCfGZKrlgH8CHN8O.3M9i2rP4zG063AKI.CfwNuJdyUxm9he', ' Mzuzu University', 'neytech trabsparent.png', '12 April 2021', '56', '');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
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-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `subscribers`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `subscribers`
--

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(3, 'kiamamvula@gmail.com'),
(4, ''),
(5, 'stanislaskobende@gmail.com'),
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(7, 'talk2janemanda@hotmail.com'),
(8, 'pnamaqua@gmail.com'),
(9, 'Chinkhunthavincent@gmail.co.com '),
(10, 'Chinkhunthavincent@gmail.co.com '),
(11, 'Chinkhunthavincent@gmail.co.com '),
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(13, 'rashidmtupa@gmail.com'),
(14, 'everodo30@mail.ru'),
(15, 'everodo33@mail.ru'),
(16, 'adahjoseph12@gmail.com'),
(17, 'sainaninoah59@gmail.com'),
(18, 'danieljalielchibwe@gmail.com');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `topics`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `topics`
--

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(1, 'Malawi Campaign Against Child Marriages With Miss Africa Washington 2019 Nellie Matewere (Trial)', 0, '24 March 2021'),
(2, 'Malawi', 0, '26 March 2021'),
(3, 'MEC Crime Reporting System in USSD', 12, '26 March 2021'),
(4, 'hy', 12, '26 March 2021'),
(5, 'Vehicle Tracking Application', 12, '26 March 2021'),
(6, 'Fish Farming', 14, '12 April 2021');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `topics2`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `topics2`
--

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(2, 'Girl Child Crime Reporting Application', 53, '12 April 2021'),
(3, 'Change  management', 61, '21 April 2021'),
(4, 'Change  management', 61, '21 April 2021'),
(5, 'Loan Tracking System', 53, '26 April 2021'),
(6, 'Vehicle Tracking Application', 64, '26 April 2021'),
(7, 'Poverty in Africa', 73, '08 October 2021');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `users`
--

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--
-- Dumping data for table `users`
--

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(32, '', '', '', '', 'mzuni', '$2y$10$i76wsBLv4cGZdYODqikiSeepuZrBSo8zZtoowqXzQboeQWsvcBB86', 'Mzuzu University', 'Admin', '', '', '', '', ' Basic', '', ''),
(48, '', '', '', '', 'austin', '$2y$10$BJ8ellJUBuz9ucuJ/7ucjeyXAaA5LUwtJMivozo9rEHLx1L33tk3C', ' Mzuzu University', 'Student', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''),
(49, '', '', '', '', 'prelo', '$2y$10$WksST0oukyZHQAnHG4Y3Le9sMNyqV55H3bQ3JSZwRliGiOFBIIF6u', ' Mzuzu University', 'Student', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''),
(52, '', '', '', '', 'ney', '$2y$10$8GcpYlCfGZKrlgH8CHN8O.3M9i2rP4zG063AKI.CfwNuJdyUxm9he', ' Mzuzu University', 'Student', '', '', '', '', '', '', ''),
(53, 'Kondwani Mushali', 'kmushali9@gmail.com', '+265992235670', 'M1 Road', 'kho', '$2y$10$9df/XkHlRz9d6uG58E6j7uyPyIf8nxmi/aJDqS44IssQe0yDo0C9.', 'Neytech Solutions', 'Individual', '', '', 'Holland_Marco_van_Ginkel_620_pa.jpg', '12 April 2021', ' ', 'Yes', ''),
(54, 'Mwai Kumwenda', 'mwaikum@gmail.com', '', '', 'mwaikum@gmail.com', '$2y$10$C.aFGxk52Tg.Q3KFX8zVaeN1k/iecs2W2QgKiJYd66.HZIpUWDnq.', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_0503.JPG', '20 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(55, 'Ney', 'director@neytechsolutions.com', '', '', 'director@neytechsolutions.com', '$2y$10$cmQWQrQIRP9NMkJJazXaS.FMzKdZwI41SxcFhQky7ZTV6vWc/RjxK', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_20200722_211213_810.jpg', '20 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(57, 'Limbani Rashid Mtupanyama', 'rashidmtupa@gmail.com', '', '', 'rashidmtupa@gmail.com', '$2y$10$xUjQFjZ.X4woL3haIjcSKejUhgYSXhCDBVOTULu8JQ3CbDZouztX.', '', 'Individual', '', '', '1536264266127.jpg', '21 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(61, 'Eddy Kalonga', 'eddykalonga@hotmail.co.uk', '', '', 'eddykalonga@hotmail.co.uk', '$2y$10$N17M4lpeXGIZOzxwpf2E3Oz012EEVzXJ4kIjyNOb25PWkNVhC5C4e', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'logo 1.PNG', '21 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(62, 'Linly Dumuka', 'dumukalinly@yahoo.com', '', '', 'dumukalinly@yahoo.com', '$2y$10$.yccHywTHJYOSbsfFGJYn..Jy1vnNuKJTOQYdBGNK6uCbVfFISYDu', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'PictureQuotes1573403553.jpg', '22 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(63, 'Steady Charis', 'emailsteady@gmail.com', '', '', 'emailsteady@gmail.com', '$2y$10$u7ArQ5GqZBqQfRPhTAmUBOgIxndaFJRA0XDGHlnxv/MCrDTqLNx2m', '', 'Individual', '', '', '4f3200102362cf3e81cb05457841cee6.jpg', '22 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(64, 'Precious Chalenga', 'preciouschalenga@gmail.com', '', '', 'preciouschalenga@gmail.com', '$2y$10$TVwutQtqBjE8k7r/ZEywk.1o62w8FWSf8OjR5TG0nykkw8wrYzLxm', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'Tiyeni (Prod by Tbak & Trappy Beatz).jpg', '26 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(65, 'John Banda', 'jb@gmail.com', '', '', 'jb@gmail.com', '$2y$10$IUOa4ZHpMkoKLRwrrA10cOBe/Z8iDb6xf6Fp6HsUIqlXKjPU2Tkvu', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'Tiyeni (Prod by Tbak & Trappy Beatz).jpg', '26 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(66, 'Ericho Mhango', 'erichocharwita@gmail.com', '', '', 'erichocharwita@gmail.com', '$2y$10$tEwEc1nNLflwdyHd5HVB.u1eabjSjYo4USoicFjWugq.S/svzcEn.', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_20201220_135642_907.jpg', '26 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(67, 'Chilunga', 'kizitochilunga@yahoo.co.uk', '', '', 'kizitochilunga@yahoo.co.uk', '$2y$10$cmo3cCMFXPKo4MTojeD3K.8/IJ4oBLFaYHsuCARvTr4EKjBDQMpcm', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'apps.45483.13510798886202835.cf7a3ce1-9895-4097-82d3-e76eae7688f7[1].jpg', '27 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(68, 'Mc Loud', 'dmartsmw@gmail.com', '', '', 'dmartsmw@gmail.com', '$2y$10$eBudQGiBNTkqUvINW8Bi5OJcftDLgk8Zv21FY/6NjvOLrFHzqNFvW', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'DP.jpg', '29 April 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(69, 'Mkondo Harawa', 'mkondoharawa@gmail.com', '', '', 'mkondoharawa@gmail.com', '$2y$10$fMRtPJhSqawJ2Q9XUbJuCebb2gTj.79Lvg/8.H6EsOtSjLiuJn.AK', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_20200526_081004_804.jpg', '05 May 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(70, 'Emmanuel Ojex', 'ojexemmiasky@gmail.com', '', '', 'ojexemmiasky@gmail.com', '$2y$10$QXP1zHW6fR6l3RijR/n9ueCVqG7UZq54d8uKQgDankUBIKPcbIb8y', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'ojex.jpg', '11 May 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(71, 'Emmanuell', 'charteenere@gmail.com', '', '', 'charteenere@gmail.com', '$2y$10$zss1q2WzsL/nfEfDCtNCjOOG2Ofg5QsmBaVL/1nSFxSAICVr2.W.q', '', 'Individual', '', '', '20210520_132557.jpg', '20 May 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(72, 'Emmanuell', 'charteenere@gmail.com', '', '', 'charteenere@gmail.com', '$2y$10$5hEtJRrqhL2Houn1Ls0Gcu.Ug7Z4H/YxAu4TJxnu.4o9.wkNs/Lne', '', 'Individual', '', '', '20210520_132557.jpg', '20 May 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(73, 'Neytech Solutions', 'info@neytechsolutions.com', '', '', 'info@neytechsolutions.com', '$2y$10$U7XXDYsvd/IKXGSPi7HZs.AmIcNj.w5vsznqyJWhn0rqdv1FlEkHe', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'cropped-Neytech-Logo-1.png', '08 October 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(74, 'Jaeden C Agusta', 'jaedenagusta23@gmail.com', '', '', 'jaedenagusta23@gmail.com', '$2y$10$OoCm6H1dWaOgQSdj7liYxeTlAHoJ40FFXemWdcKXZPlzKHe/skdiq', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'submitted.php', '02 November 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(75, 'Concepcion Alonso', 'akrebb32@gmail.com', '', '', 'akrebb32@gmail.com', '$2y$10$BrIR4SljwzIllLTAFkzZbOPdWfBlaeWD8h6kQ3nmPodIhCzQz0fre', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'up.php', '21 November 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(76, 'Peter Maluwa', 'apitamaluwa@gmail.com', '', '', 'apitamaluwa@gmail.com', '$2y$10$BQutgt38D3id6MxvJHZ.netxfMqK6YmsG1tIqlSZGm62ilP5PrOp2', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_9511.JPG', '05 December 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(77, 'Noah sainani', 'sainaninoah59@gmail.com', '', '', 'sainaninoah59@gmail.com', '$2y$10$y5TqRmnFc83GyU7fcQH9eu3H69tmNF1luKfaYiU5GTC6dCGttZlQO', '', 'Individual', '', '', '20211206_080921.jpg', '06 December 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(78, 'Loyce', 'trading@neytechsolutions.com', '', '', 'trading@neytechsolutions.com', '$2y$10$4hq0zxszmDve6uV5lp8HNemcoi/Ww0Rjopd0qTuG0EVqum6.FtwpO', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG-20211206-WA0000.jpg', '06 December 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(156, 'Samuel', 'smartsumana9@gmail.com', '', '', 'smartsumana9@gmail.com', '$2y$10$L7HvD3t/oEx.dLxqirIoYOConJgiagpTJ2meFROw6yn.a0E2Q/7uG', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'inbound7485256742141075226.jpg', '27 December 2021', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(162, '', '', '', '', 'BFM', '$2y$10$JSpJI31pyCQ5/nV0gO3spuMqIJ0x8vHnA1GJEkwzQwEVJb522/jmG', 'Building futures in Malawi', 'Admin', '', '', '', '', ' Basic', '', ''),
(163, 'Noah Sainani ', 'sainaninoah59@gmail.com', '', '', 'sainaninoah59@gmail.com', '$2y$10$AarCOauruiXbbhs9bgSZxOLJvexu1Zs.OEK2fwlgwaMUwJJiSE2E2', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_20210224_083307_1~2.jpg', '10 January 2022', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(165, 'ZAHER AYDI', 'zaher.hh1@gmail.com', '', '', 'zaher.hh1@gmail.com', '$2y$10$TsE0nHtsg9rPF.JAaoSt2.CWXK5PHLwImfM7eubfLWc9uha40udOi', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'Black and White Triangle Sky Poster.png', '01 February 2022', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(166, 'Vincent Gausi', 'vincentgausi0@gmail.com', '', '', 'vincentgausi0@gmail.com', '$2y$10$KgHF5fhRcm61rMLRV/MpQe0CeQfvNSF19mW1L1ro4MzOPCg.14F1i', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'IMG_20210704_093030_220.jpg', '10 February 2022', 'Free', 'Yes', ''),
(167, 'Lawrence Mpeta', 'techlamcity@gmail.com', '', '', 'techlamcity@gmail.com', '$2y$10$xv2HH2lGq6UBuXFZPh5Sqemt/p2SlENX7n3KWg2jly8Z/r.aoruDm', '', 'Individual', '', '', 'inbound15911759543153513.jpg', '11 February 2022', 'Free', 'Yes', '');

--
-- Indexes for dumped tables
--

--
-- Indexes for table `books`
--
ALTER TABLE `books`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `collaboitems`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaboitems`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `collaboitems2`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaboitems2`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `collaborators`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaborators`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `collaborators2`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaborators2`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `colleges`
--
ALTER TABLE `colleges`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `library`
--
ALTER TABLE `library`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `package`
--
ALTER TABLE `package`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `research`
--
ALTER TABLE `research`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `students`
--
ALTER TABLE `students`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `subs`
--
ALTER TABLE `subs`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `subscribers`
--
ALTER TABLE `subscribers`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `topics`
--
ALTER TABLE `topics`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `topics2`
--
ALTER TABLE `topics2`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- Indexes for table `users`
--
ALTER TABLE `users`
  ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables
--

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `books`
--
ALTER TABLE `books`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=598;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `collaboitems`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaboitems`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `collaboitems2`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaboitems2`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=4;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `collaborators`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaborators`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `collaborators2`
--
ALTER TABLE `collaborators2`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `colleges`
--
ALTER TABLE `colleges`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=10;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `library`
--
ALTER TABLE `library`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=31;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `package`
--
ALTER TABLE `package`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=13;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `research`
--
ALTER TABLE `research`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=15;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `students`
--
ALTER TABLE `students`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=17;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `subs`
--
ALTER TABLE `subs`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `subscribers`
--
ALTER TABLE `subscribers`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=19;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `topics`
--
ALTER TABLE `topics`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=7;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `topics2`
--
ALTER TABLE `topics2`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=8;

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `users`
--
ALTER TABLE `users`
  MODIFY `ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=168;
COMMIT;

